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Sertanópolis, Paraná, Brazil, occupies a strategically important position within the state’s southern region, nestled within the Paraná River basin. Located at approximately -23.0589° latitude and -51.0358° longitude, the city’s geography is characterized by gently undulating terrain, typical of the Paraná plateau. The elevation averages around 550 meters above sea level, contributing to a relatively cool climate compared to coastal Brazilian cities. Sertanópolis sits within a predominantly agricultural landscape, surrounded by fields of soybeans, corn, and sugarcane – key components of Paraná’s economy. This proximity to intensive agricultural practices introduces potential sources of air pollution, particularly from pesticide drift and fertilizer application. The urban–rural gradient is gradual, with smaller settlements and farms interspersed throughout the surrounding area. While not directly adjacent to a major river, the city benefits from the broader Paraná River basin’s influence on regional weather patterns. The landscape is a mix of cultivated land and patches of native vegetation, primarily grasslands and scattered forests. The absence of significant industrial belts within immediate proximity is a positive factor for air quality, although transportation corridors carrying goods to and from larger urban centers like Curitiba can contribute to localized pollution. The city’s relatively small size (population 15,930) means that urban emissions from vehicles and residential heating are less significant than in larger metropolitan areas, though still present. The surrounding topography, with its gentle slopes, can sometimes trap pollutants, especially during periods of calm winds.

Sertanópolis experiences a subtropical climate with distinct wet and dry seasons, significantly influencing its air quality profile. The wet season, typically spanning from October to March, brings frequent rainfall and higher humidity, generally leading to improved air quality as precipitation washes away particulate matter and dilutes gaseous pollutants. However, intense storms can occasionally stir up dust and soil, temporarily degrading air quality. The dry season, from April to September, is characterized by lower rainfall, higher temperatures, and increased sunshine. This period often sees a build-up of pollutants due to reduced precipitation and increased evapotranspiration, which can elevate ozone levels. Temperature inversions, common during the cooler months (June-August), trap pollutants near the ground, exacerbating air quality issues. Calm wind conditions during these months further contribute to stagnation. Agricultural activities intensify during the dry season, leading to increased emissions from machinery and fertilizer application. Fog, particularly in the mornings during late autumn and winter, can also trap pollutants, reducing visibility and impacting respiratory health. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, particularly on days with stagnant air or fog. Outdoor activities are generally more favorable during the wet season, although vigilance regarding storm-related dust events is advised. The transition periods (spring and autumn) offer a balance, with moderate temperatures and rainfall, often providing relatively good air quality conditions.