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Terra Boa, nestled in the state of Paraná, Brazil, occupies a gently undulating landscape within the larger Paraná Plateau. Located at coordinates -23.7678, -52.4439, the city’s elevation is approximately 550 meters above sea level, contributing to a moderate climate. The surrounding terrain is predominantly agricultural, characterized by extensive soybean, corn, and wheat cultivation, typical of the region’s fertile ‘terra roxa’ (red soil). This agricultural dominance significantly influences local air quality, with seasonal burning of crop residue being a key factor. The city isn’t directly adjacent to major bodies of water, though smaller rivers and streams crisscross the region, providing limited natural dispersion of pollutants. While Terra Boa isn’t a major industrial hub, the increasing mechanization of agriculture introduces diesel exhaust and particulate matter into the air. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp; the city centre is compact, quickly transitioning to expansive farmland. This proximity to agricultural activities means that wind patterns play a crucial role in pollutant transport, potentially carrying smoke and dust into the urban area. The city’s position within Paraná makes it susceptible to both humid subtropical conditions and occasional dry spells, impacting dust levels and pollutant concentration.

Terra Boa experiences a distinct wet and dry season, rather than traditional four seasons. Air quality generally improves during the wet season (October to March) due to rainfall effectively scavenging particulate matter from the atmosphere. However, increased humidity can also foster mold growth, potentially exacerbating respiratory issues. The dry season (April to September) presents the greatest air quality challenges. This period coincides with agricultural burning, leading to significant spikes in particulate matter, particularly PM2.5 and PM10. August and September are typically the worst months, as farmers prepare fields for the next planting cycle. Temperature inversions, common during cooler nights in the dry season, trap pollutants near the ground, worsening air quality. Winds are generally moderate, offering limited dispersion. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during these peak pollution periods. During the wet season, while particulate matter is lower, increased humidity can trigger asthma attacks. Monitoring local weather patterns and agricultural practices is crucial for anticipating pollution events. Avoiding outdoor exercise near agricultural fields during burning is highly recommended.