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Terra Roxa d’Oeste, nestled in the westernmost reaches of Paraná state, Brazil, occupies a unique geographic position within the broader context of the Paraná Plateau. Located at coordinates -24.1667, -54.0833, the city’s terrain is characterized by gently rolling hills and fertile red soils – the ‘terra roxa’ from which it derives its name. This rich soil supports a predominantly agricultural economy, particularly soybean and corn cultivation, creating a significant rural-urban gradient as the city serves as a commercial hub for surrounding farming communities. The elevation, averaging around 450 meters, influences local weather patterns and contributes to the potential for temperature inversions. While not directly adjacent to major bodies of water, the city lies within the Paraná River basin, impacting regional humidity and rainfall. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of agricultural fields, patches of Atlantic Forest remnants, and small rural settlements. Air quality is intrinsically linked to this agricultural dominance; seasonal burning for land preparation and the use of agricultural machinery contribute to particulate matter emissions. The relatively small urban footprint, with a population of 18,119, means pollution sources are concentrated, potentially exacerbating localized air quality issues. The lack of significant industrial belts within the immediate vicinity shifts the focus to agricultural practices as the primary driver of air pollution.

Terra Roxa d’Oeste experiences a humid subtropical climate, with distinct wet and dry seasons influencing air quality. The dry season, typically from May to September, sees a peak in agricultural burning to prepare fields for planting. This practice releases substantial amounts of particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) and other pollutants, leading to poorer air quality. Lower humidity during these months also reduces the natural scavenging of pollutants by rainfall. October and November bring increased rainfall, washing away accumulated pollutants and improving air quality, though increased soil moisture can also contribute to fungal spore dispersal. The wet season, from December to March, generally offers the best air quality, with frequent rainfall and higher humidity suppressing dust and pollutant concentrations. However, intense rainfall events can lead to localized flooding and the spread of agricultural runoff. February and March, while wet, can experience periods of stagnant air, potentially trapping pollutants. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during the dry season, particularly in August and September. Monitoring wind patterns is crucial; southerly winds can transport smoke from burning areas directly over the city. Fog, common in cooler months, can exacerbate particulate matter concentrations near the ground.