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Avelino Lopes, nestled in the heart of Piauí state, Brazil, occupies a geographically significant position within the Cerrado biome. Located at approximately -10.1369° latitude and -43.9489° longitude, the city’s terrain is characterized by undulating plains and gently sloping hills, typical of the region's weathered sandstone plateaus. The surrounding landscape is dominated by the vast expanse of the Cerrado, a tropical savanna teeming with unique flora and fauna, interspersed with patches of gallery forests along seasonal streams. While Avelino Lopes itself lacks immediate proximity to major rivers, it sits within a watershed that feeds into larger river systems, influencing regional hydrology. The urban footprint is relatively small, reflecting the city’s modest population of 10,866, and exhibits a clear urban–rural gradient, with agricultural activities – primarily cattle ranching and subsistence farming – prevalent in the immediate periphery. The city’s location within the semi-arid Northeast of Brazil means it experiences a distinct dry season, impacting vegetation cover and potentially contributing to dust emissions. There are no major industrial belts directly adjacent to Avelino Lopes; however, regional agricultural processing facilities, located further afield, could contribute to occasional air quality impacts through transportation and emissions. The elevation, averaging around 450 meters above sea level, influences local wind patterns and atmospheric mixing, which in turn affects the dispersion of pollutants. The relatively flat terrain can sometimes exacerbate the effects of temperature inversions, trapping pollutants closer to the ground.

Avelino Lopes experiences a tropical savanna climate, defined by a pronounced wet and dry season rather than the four traditional seasons. Air quality in Avelino Lopes is heavily influenced by this seasonal cycle. The dry season, typically spanning from May to September, presents the greatest air quality challenges. Reduced rainfall leads to drier vegetation and increased soil aridity, resulting in elevated levels of particulate matter, particularly fugitive dust from agricultural lands and unpaved roads. Wind patterns during this period can be variable, sometimes leading to localized dust storms. Temperature inversions are more frequent during the cooler, drier months, trapping pollutants near the surface, especially during the early morning hours. The wet season, from October to April, brings relief as rainfall washes away accumulated dust and pollutants, significantly improving air quality. Increased humidity also reduces dust generation. However, periods of intense rainfall can lead to localized flooding and the release of organic compounds from decaying vegetation, potentially impacting air quality temporarily. During the transition months (April/May and September/October), air quality can be unpredictable, fluctuating between dry-season dust and wet-season cleansing. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, limiting outdoor activity during peak dust periods, particularly in the mornings. Maintaining indoor air quality through proper ventilation and air filtration is also advisable.