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Cabo Frio, nestled along the stunning Costa Verde of Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil, occupies a geographically significant position where the Atlantic Ocean meets the Serra do Mar mountain range. Its coordinates, -22.8789, -42.0189, place it within a coastal plain characterized by undulating terrain and sandy soils. The city’s urban fabric is a blend of historic colonial architecture in its older districts and more modern developments closer to the beaches, reflecting its evolution from a strategic naval base to a popular tourist destination. Cabo Frio’s proximity to Rio de Janeiro, approximately 160 kilometers northeast, means it experiences some spillover effects from the larger metropolitan area, though significantly less intense. The surrounding landscape is dominated by lush Atlantic Forest, a biodiversity hotspot, which generally acts as a natural filter, though deforestation in surrounding areas can impact air quality. The city is bordered by several pristine beaches, including Praia do Forte and Praia das Dunas, and is sheltered by the Ilha do Farol, a small island contributing to localized wind patterns. While Cabo Frio itself has limited heavy industry, agricultural activity in the surrounding rural areas, particularly sugarcane cultivation, can contribute to seasonal particulate matter. The urban–rural gradient transitions relatively quickly, with the Atlantic Forest providing a buffer zone, though increased tourism and vehicle traffic within the city contribute to localized pollution hotspots. Elevation varies slightly, generally remaining below 100 meters above sea level, influencing coastal breezes and fog formation.

Cabo Frio’s tropical climate dictates a distinct wet and dry season pattern, significantly influencing its air quality. The dry season, typically from April to September, often sees clearer skies and reduced humidity, but also a tendency for temperature inversions, particularly during the months of June and July. These inversions trap pollutants closer to the ground, potentially exacerbating localized air quality issues, especially in areas with higher vehicle density. The wet season, from October to March, brings frequent rainfall and higher humidity, which naturally helps to cleanse the atmosphere by washing away particulate matter. However, heavy rainfall can also lead to increased soil erosion and runoff, carrying dust and other pollutants into the air. During the peak tourist season (December-February), increased vehicle traffic and recreational activities contribute to higher levels of nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds. Fog, common during the cooler months, can also trap pollutants, reducing visibility and impacting air quality. Sensitive groups, such as children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should be mindful of air quality during temperature inversion events and periods of high tourist activity. Outdoor activities are generally more favorable during the wet season, particularly after rainfall, but caution is advised during periods of prolonged fog or stagnant air. Agricultural burning, though regulated, can occasionally occur in surrounding rural areas, impacting air quality during the transition months of March and April.