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Maricá, nestled within the Baixada Fluminense region of Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil, occupies a geographically complex and strategically important position. Located at approximately -22.9189° latitude and -42.8189° longitude, the city’s terrain is characterized by a mix of coastal plains, lagoons, and gently rolling hills, rising to modest elevations. The Guanabara Bay influences Maricá’s climate and geography significantly, providing a maritime influence that moderates temperatures. The city borders the Atlantic Ocean and is interwoven with a network of lagoons, most notably the Maricá Lagoon, a vital ecosystem and a source of both livelihood and potential pollution concerns. Surrounding Maricá, the landscape transitions from urban development to agricultural zones, particularly sugarcane and banana plantations, and patches of Atlantic Forest remnants. This urban-rural gradient introduces agricultural emissions and potential runoff into the local environment. Its proximity to the larger industrial belt of the Greater Rio de Janeiro metropolitan area, particularly the petrochemical complex in Cubatão (though some distance away), means Maricá can experience downwind transport of pollutants. The city’s location within a relatively shallow basin can exacerbate air quality issues, particularly during periods of stagnant air. The coastal breezes, while generally beneficial for dispersion, can also carry pollutants from distant sources. The interplay of these factors – coastal proximity, lagoon influence, agricultural activity, and regional industrial presence – shapes Maricá’s unique environmental profile and influences its air quality dynamics.

Maricá’s tropical climate dictates a wet and dry season pattern, profoundly impacting its air quality. The dry season, typically from April to September, often sees a build-up of pollutants due to reduced rainfall and decreased atmospheric mixing. During these months, temperature inversions are more frequent, trapping emissions closer to the ground, particularly in the evenings and early mornings. Agricultural burning, though regulated, can still occur during this period, contributing to particulate matter. The dry winds from the interior can also transport dust and pollutants into the city. Conversely, the wet season (October to March) brings increased rainfall, which naturally scavenges pollutants from the atmosphere, leading to improved air quality. Stronger winds associated with the wet season also enhance dispersion. However, heavy rainfall can also mobilize pollutants from construction sites and unpaved roads, temporarily increasing particulate matter. Fog, a relatively infrequent occurrence, can exacerbate air quality issues by trapping pollutants in a localized area. Sensitive groups, such as children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry months, particularly during periods of stagnant air or agricultural burning. Outdoor activities are generally more favorable during the wet season, although vigilance regarding potential runoff-related pollution is still advised. The interplay of these seasonal meteorological shifts creates a dynamic air quality profile, demanding adaptive strategies for both public health and environmental management.