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Açu, a coastal city in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, occupies a unique geographic position along the Atlantic coastline at coordinates -5.5769, -36.9089. The city’s terrain is largely flat, characteristic of the Potiguar Coast, with a gentle slope towards the ocean. This low elevation, combined with its proximity to the Atlantic, significantly influences local air quality. Açu is nestled within a landscape dominated by coastal dunes, mangrove forests, and the vast expanse of the Atlantic Ocean. The surrounding region is a mix of agricultural lands, primarily focused on sugarcane and fruit cultivation, and emerging industrial activity linked to the Port of Açu, a major infrastructure project. This port, while economically vital, represents a key source of potential air pollutants. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, transitioning quickly from the concentrated built environment of Açu to the more sparsely populated agricultural areas inland. Prevailing trade winds blowing from the southeast bring maritime influences, but can also transport pollutants from inland sources. The city’s coastal location means it’s susceptible to sea breezes and humidity, impacting pollutant dispersion and chemical reactions in the atmosphere. The interplay between these factors creates a complex air quality profile.

Açu experiences a tropical climate with a distinct wet and dry season, rather than traditional four seasons. Air quality in Açu is most compromised during the dry season, typically from August to December. This period sees reduced rainfall, leading to the accumulation of dust and particulate matter from agricultural activities and construction. Lower humidity also inhibits the scavenging of pollutants by precipitation. The prevailing southeast trade winds, while generally dispersing pollutants, can become stagnant during certain periods, exacerbating concentrations. The wet season, from March to July, generally offers improved air quality due to frequent rainfall washing away pollutants and increased humidity suppressing dust. However, even during the wet season, localized pollution from the Port of Açu and agricultural burning can occur. February and March, transitioning from wet to dry, can see a build-up of pollutants as the atmosphere dries. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should exercise caution during the drier months. Fog, common in the early mornings, can trap pollutants near the ground, increasing exposure. Avoiding strenuous outdoor activity during peak heat and low-wind conditions is advisable.