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Pedro Velho, nestled in the heart of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, occupies a geographically significant position within the Ponta do Mel region, a coastal area renowned for its stunning beaches and diverse ecosystems. Located at approximately -6.4389 latitude and -35.2208 longitude, the city’s terrain is characterized by a gently undulating landscape transitioning from sandy coastal plains to low hills inland. Its proximity to the Atlantic Ocean exerts a considerable influence on local climate and, consequently, air quality. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of coastal forests (Mata Atlântica remnants), extensive stretches of beach, and small-scale agricultural plots, primarily focused on fruit cultivation and livestock rearing. The urban–rural gradient is relatively gradual, with agricultural activities interspersed within and around the city limits. Pedro Velho’s elevation is relatively low, rarely exceeding 30 meters above sea level, which can exacerbate the trapping of pollutants under certain meteorological conditions. While not situated directly within a major industrial belt, the city benefits from its connection to larger regional transportation networks, potentially exposing it to transient pollution from passing vehicles. The nearby city of Natal, a significant urban center, also contributes to regional air quality dynamics. The prevailing winds, generally easterly, play a crucial role in dispersing or concentrating pollutants, and the presence of the ocean moderates temperatures, influencing atmospheric stability and the potential for temperature inversions. The local geology, dominated by sedimentary rocks, also influences dust generation, a factor impacting air quality, particularly during drier periods.

Pedro Velho experiences a tropical climate with distinct wet and dry seasons, significantly impacting its air quality profile. The dry season, typically spanning from August to December, is characterized by reduced rainfall and increased sunshine hours. This period often sees a rise in particulate matter concentrations, primarily due to wind-blown dust from agricultural lands and unpaved roads. The lack of rainfall limits the natural cleansing effect of precipitation, allowing pollutants to persist longer in the atmosphere. Temperature inversions, more frequent during the cooler nights of the dry season, can trap pollutants near the ground, leading to localized air quality degradation. Conversely, the wet season (January to July) brings frequent rainfall and higher humidity, which effectively washes away pollutants and improves air quality. Stronger winds associated with occasional tropical disturbances can also disperse pollutants, although they can also stir up dust. The months of September and October, coinciding with the transition from dry to wet season, often present a period of heightened dust levels. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during these periods, limiting outdoor activities during peak dust events. During the wet season, while overall air quality is generally better, periods of heavy fog can temporarily reduce visibility and trap moisture-related pollutants. Maintaining well-maintained roads and promoting sustainable agricultural practices are crucial for mitigating dust pollution throughout the year.