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São José do Campestre, nestled in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, occupies a relatively flat terrain at an elevation of approximately 138 meters. Its coordinates (-6.3158, -35.7139) place it within the semi-arid climate zone of the Brazilian Northeast, a region characterized by the *caatinga* biome. The surrounding landscape is dominated by scrubland vegetation, interspersed with small farms and rural settlements. The city’s position is inland, roughly 60 kilometers from the Atlantic coastline, mitigating the direct influence of marine breezes but also limiting natural pollutant dispersal. The urban-rural gradient is quite sharp; São José do Campestre is a small city of just over 11,000 inhabitants, surrounded by extensive agricultural lands primarily dedicated to subsistence farming and livestock raising. While not a major industrial hub, regional economic activity centers around agriculture, particularly sugarcane and fruit cultivation. This agricultural activity contributes to particulate matter through land preparation, harvesting, and potential burning of agricultural residue. Dust from unpaved roads and soil erosion further impacts local air quality. The lack of significant topographical features hinders the natural flushing of pollutants, making the city susceptible to localized air quality issues, especially during drier periods. The prevailing winds, generally from the southeast, can transport pollutants from nearby agricultural areas into the city center.

São José do Campestre experiences a distinct wet and dry season, heavily influencing its air quality. The wet season, typically from March to August, brings relief from dust and particulate matter as rainfall suppresses airborne particles. However, increased humidity can also foster mold growth, potentially impacting respiratory health. September to February marks the dry season, a period of heightened air quality concerns. Reduced rainfall leads to increased dust resuspension from agricultural lands and unpaved roads, elevating particulate matter concentrations. Temperature inversions, common during the cooler nights of the dry season, trap pollutants near the ground, exacerbating air quality issues. The strongest winds generally occur during the transition periods between wet and dry seasons, offering temporary dispersal. October and November are often the most challenging months for air quality due to the combination of dry conditions and agricultural activities like sugarcane harvesting and burning. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during these months. Monitoring local conditions and staying indoors on particularly dusty days is advisable. The wet season, particularly May and June, generally offers the most favourable conditions for outdoor activities, though vigilance regarding mold and humidity is still necessary.