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Touros, a coastal municipality in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, presents a unique geographic setting influencing its air quality. Situated at -5.1989 latitude and -35.4608 longitude, the city lies on a relatively flat coastal plain, with an elevation generally under 50 meters. This low-lying terrain contributes to limited atmospheric dispersion of pollutants. The city is directly adjacent to the Atlantic Ocean, experiencing the moderating influence of sea breezes, but also susceptible to marine aerosol impacts. Touros is part of the larger Potiguar Basin, a region characterized by semi-arid climate and ‘restingas’ – narrow strips of vegetation along the coast. The surrounding landscape is a mix of sandy beaches, dunes, and areas of ‘caatinga’ scrubland. While Touros isn’t heavily industrialized, the broader region supports salt extraction and fishing industries, which can contribute to localized particulate matter. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, with agricultural activities (primarily small-scale farming and livestock) dominating inland areas. The proximity to the Equator means consistent solar radiation, impacting photochemical smog potential. Dust from inland areas, carried by prevailing winds, also plays a role in air quality, particularly during the dry season. The city’s location within a tropical climate zone dictates specific pollution dynamics.

Touros experiences a distinct wet and dry season, heavily influencing air quality. The dry season, typically from August to December, sees significantly reduced rainfall and increased wind speeds, leading to higher concentrations of dust and particulate matter originating from the inland ‘caatinga’ and exposed coastal sands. This is often the period of poorest air quality, exacerbated by lower humidity which reduces pollutant scavenging. January to July marks the wet season, bringing relief from dust and a natural cleansing effect through rainfall. However, increased humidity can also promote the formation of mold and fungal spores, potentially impacting respiratory health. Temperature inversions, though less frequent than in temperate climates, can occur during calmer periods, trapping pollutants near the ground. The consistent northeast trade winds play a crucial role in dispersing pollutants offshore, but can also transport pollutants from other coastal areas. Sensitive individuals, such as those with asthma or respiratory conditions, should be particularly cautious during the dry season, limiting strenuous outdoor activity. Fog, common during the transition periods, can trap pollutants and reduce visibility. Months of March-May generally offer the most favourable conditions for outdoor activities.