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Campo Bom, nestled in the Serra Gaúcha region of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, occupies a geographically significant position within a landscape characterized by rolling hills and valleys. Located approximately 60 kilometers northwest of Porto Alegre, the state capital, Campo Bom’s coordinates (-29.6789, -51.0528) place it at an elevation of roughly 550 meters above sea level, contributing to a generally cooler climate compared to coastal areas. The surrounding terrain is a mosaic of agricultural land, primarily dedicated to vineyards, orchards (particularly apples), and grain cultivation, alongside patches of native grasslands and remnants of Araucaria forests. This agricultural intensity, while economically vital, introduces potential sources of air pollution, particularly from pesticide application and agricultural burning practices, though regulations aim to mitigate these. The urban fabric of Campo Bom exhibits a clear urban–rural gradient, transitioning from a compact, relatively well-planned central area to more dispersed residential developments and agricultural zones further out. The city sits within the broader industrial belt of Rio Grande do Sul, benefiting from proximity to Porto Alegre’s manufacturing and commercial activities, which can occasionally contribute to transboundary pollution events. While not directly adjacent to major rivers, Campo Bom draws water from smaller tributaries and springs, influencing local humidity and potentially affecting the dispersion of pollutants. The topography, with its hills and valleys, can create localized areas of stagnant air, especially during periods of low wind, exacerbating air quality challenges.

Campo Bom’s subtropical climate dictates a distinct seasonal pattern in air quality. The summer months (December to February) are typically characterized by higher temperatures and humidity, often accompanied by periods of stagnant air, particularly during intense heatwaves. This can trap pollutants released from agricultural activities and occasional industrial emissions, leading to noticeable air quality degradation. The rainy season, coinciding with summer, helps to cleanse the atmosphere through precipitation, but heavy rainfall can also temporarily increase particulate matter due to soil erosion. Autumn (March to May) brings cooler, drier conditions and more frequent wind, generally improving air quality as pollutants are dispersed. However, agricultural burning, a common practice for land clearing and crop residue disposal, can significantly elevate particulate matter levels during this period, especially in late February and March. Winter (June to August) is generally the cleanest season, with cold temperatures and frequent wind. Temperature inversions, however, can occasionally occur, trapping pollutants near the ground, particularly in valley locations. Spring (September to November) sees a gradual warming trend and increased agricultural activity, with potential for increased pollen levels affecting respiratory health. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should be particularly cautious during summer and autumn, limiting outdoor exertion on days with visible haze or strong agricultural odors. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purification can also be beneficial during peak pollution periods. Awareness campaigns promoting responsible agricultural practices are crucial for mitigating seasonal air quality fluctuations.