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Criciúma, nestled in the southern Brazilian state of Santa Catarina, occupies a unique geographic position within the Vale do Araranguá. The city is situated approximately 180km from the Atlantic coast, benefiting from a moderating maritime influence, yet shielded by the Serra Geral mountains to the west. This terrain creates a complex interplay of air masses and potential for localized pollution build-up. Criciúma’s elevation ranges from 80 to 300 meters above sea level, contributing to temperature inversions, particularly during the cooler months. The surrounding landscape is characterized by rolling hills, remnants of the Atlantic Forest, and extensive agricultural lands, primarily focused on rice, soybeans, and fruit cultivation. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, with industrial activity concentrated within the city limits and surrounding areas, including a significant ceramics industry. This concentration of industry, coupled with vehicle emissions from a growing population, presents a key challenge to air quality. The Araranguá River flows nearby, but its capacity to dilute pollutants is limited by the valley’s topography. The city’s growth has led to increased deforestation in the surrounding hills, reducing natural air filtration and exacerbating runoff, potentially carrying pollutants into waterways. Understanding these geographical factors is crucial for effective air quality management in Criciúma.

Criciúma experiences a humid subtropical climate, with distinct seasonal variations impacting air quality. The summer months (December-February) often see higher ozone levels due to increased sunlight and warmer temperatures reacting with vehicle emissions. Rainfall is also frequent, which can temporarily improve air quality by washing away particulate matter, but can also lead to increased humidity and mold spore concentrations. Autumn (March-May) brings more stable atmospheric conditions and a potential for temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground. This is often when agricultural burning, preparing fields for the next planting season, contributes to increased particulate matter. Winter (June-August) is typically the period of poorest air quality. Cooler temperatures exacerbate temperature inversions, and increased wood burning for heating adds to particulate pollution. Fog is also common, further trapping pollutants. Spring (September-November) sees a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and rainfall increases. However, the transition period can be marked by fluctuating conditions. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during winter and periods of agricultural burning. Monitoring wind patterns is crucial, as winds from the west can carry pollutants from agricultural areas into the city.