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Avanhandava, nestled within the state of São Paulo, Brazil, occupies a geographically significant position in the Paraná River basin. Located at approximately -21.4608° latitude and -49.9497° longitude, the city’s terrain is characterized by gently undulating plains, typical of the Brazilian Cerrado biome transitioning into the Atlantic Forest. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of agricultural fields – primarily soybean and maize cultivation – interspersed with patches of native Cerrado vegetation, creating a distinct urban–rural gradient. Avanhandava sits relatively close to the Turvo River, a tributary of the Paraná, which influences local humidity and microclimates. Its elevation, around 480 meters above sea level, contributes to a generally stable atmospheric layer, though it can be susceptible to temperature inversions, particularly during drier periods. The city’s regional position places it within a zone experiencing increasing agricultural intensification, which can lead to dust emissions from tilling and harvesting, and potential runoff of fertilizers and pesticides impacting water quality and indirectly affecting air quality. While not directly adjacent to major industrial belts, Avanhandava’s proximity to larger urban centers like Presidente Prudente means it can experience transported pollutants. The prevailing winds generally flow from the west, carrying potential contaminants from agricultural areas and distant industrial zones. The city’s relatively small population (13,859) suggests a primarily rural character, with limited heavy industry, but agricultural activities remain a key factor in its environmental profile.

Avanhandava’s tropical climate dictates a distinct wet and dry season pattern, profoundly influencing air quality dynamics. The dry season, typically spanning from April to September, is characterized by lower rainfall and increased sunshine hours. This period often sees a rise in particulate matter concentrations, primarily due to agricultural activities like harvesting and soil preparation, which generate significant dust. Temperature inversions are more frequent during these months, trapping pollutants closer to the ground, especially in the evenings and early mornings. The lack of rainfall also reduces the natural cleansing effect of precipitation. Conversely, the wet season (October to March) brings higher humidity and frequent rainfall, which effectively washes pollutants from the atmosphere, leading to improved air quality. However, intense rainfall events can occasionally stir up sediment and contribute to localized dust plumes. Fog, though infrequent, can occur during cooler periods, particularly in the transition months, further exacerbating pollutant accumulation. During the dry season, sensitive groups like children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions should limit prolonged outdoor activity, especially during peak dust emission times. The wet season generally offers more favorable conditions for outdoor pursuits, but vigilance regarding potential flooding and associated mold spores remains important. Agricultural workers should prioritize protective measures like masks during dry season field operations, and residents should be mindful of burning practices, which can significantly degrade air quality.