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Charqueada, nestled within the state of São Paulo, Brazil, occupies a geographically significant position within the broader Campinas metropolitan region. Located at approximately -22.5097° latitude and -47.7781° longitude, the municipality sits on a gently undulating plateau characteristic of the Serra do Mar foothills. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of agricultural land, primarily dedicated to sugarcane cultivation and cattle ranching, interspersed with patches of remnant Atlantic Forest. This proximity to intensive agricultural practices contributes to localized air quality concerns, particularly related to biomass burning during the dry season. The urban fabric of Charqueada is relatively compact, exhibiting a clear urban–rural gradient as one moves outwards from the central area. Elevation plays a subtle role; at around 750 meters above sea level, Charqueada experiences cooler temperatures than lower-lying areas, which can influence atmospheric stability and, consequently, pollutant dispersion. While not directly adjacent to a major river, the region benefits from groundwater resources, impacting local humidity levels. The city’s location within the São Paulo state industrial belt, though not directly within a major industrial zone itself, means it is susceptible to pollutants transported from larger urban and industrial centers like Campinas and São Paulo city. The terrain, with its gentle slopes, can sometimes trap pollutants, especially during periods of low wind speed, exacerbating local air quality challenges. The surrounding agricultural lands, while vital to the regional economy, represent a significant source of particulate matter and gaseous emissions.

Charqueada’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the region’s tropical climate, exhibiting a pronounced wet and dry season cycle. The dry season, typically spanning from April to September, presents the most significant air quality challenges. Reduced rainfall and increased temperatures lead to drier vegetation, creating ideal conditions for agricultural burning – a common practice for land clearing and sugarcane preparation. This biomass burning releases substantial quantities of particulate matter, carbon monoxide, and other harmful pollutants, often resulting in noticeable haze and reduced visibility. Temperature inversions, more frequent during the cooler dry season nights, trap pollutants near the ground, further worsening air quality. Conversely, the wet season (October to March) brings relief. Frequent rainfall effectively ‘washes’ pollutants from the atmosphere, and higher humidity reduces the formation of secondary pollutants. Wind patterns also shift, with increased wind speeds during the wet season aiding in pollutant dispersion. While the wet season generally offers improved air quality, periods of fog, particularly in the transitional months, can temporarily reduce visibility and trap pollutants. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, limiting outdoor activities during peak burning periods and days with stagnant air. Maintaining indoor air quality through proper ventilation and air filtration is also advisable. The transition months (March/April and September/October) often present unpredictable air quality conditions, requiring vigilance and awareness of local conditions.