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Itapuí, nestled within the state of São Paulo, Brazil, occupies a strategically important position in the southern portion of the state, bordering Paraná. Its coordinates, -22.2333, -48.7192, place it within a gently undulating plateau landscape characteristic of the Paraná River basin. The city’s terrain is predominantly rolling hills, transitioning into flatter areas closer to the Ribeirão do Campo, a tributary of the larger Rio Grande. This proximity to water offers some localized humidity but doesn't significantly influence broader air circulation patterns. Itapuí’s urban character is that of a rapidly developing municipality, initially spurred by the discovery and exploitation of phosphate rock deposits, leading to a significant industrial presence centered around fertilizer production. This industrial belt, while economically vital, is a key factor impacting local air quality. The surrounding landscape is a mix of agricultural land – primarily sugarcane and soy cultivation – and remnants of Atlantic Forest biome, though deforestation has significantly reduced its extent. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp; the city transitions quickly into agricultural fields and forested areas. Elevation plays a role; Itapuí sits at approximately 550 meters above sea level, which can contribute to temperature inversions, particularly during the drier months, trapping pollutants closer to the ground. The regional position, far from major coastal metropolitan areas, means Itapuí’s air quality is less influenced by long-range transport of pollutants, but heavily impacted by local industrial emissions and agricultural practices.

Itapuí experiences a tropical savanna climate, characterized by a distinct wet and dry season rather than four traditional seasons. The dry season, typically spanning from April to September, presents the most significant air quality challenges. Reduced rainfall leads to lower atmospheric moisture, hindering the natural cleansing effect of precipitation. Furthermore, the lack of cloud cover allows for increased solar radiation, promoting photochemical smog formation, particularly when combined with industrial emissions. Temperature inversions are more frequent during this period, trapping pollutants near the ground, exacerbating respiratory issues. Agricultural burning, a common practice for land clearing and sugarcane preparation, also intensifies during the dry season, releasing particulate matter and other harmful gases. The wet season, from October to March, brings increased rainfall and higher humidity, naturally flushing pollutants from the atmosphere and improving air quality. However, heavy rainfall can also lead to increased soil erosion and dust events, temporarily degrading air quality. During the transition months (March/April and September/October), air quality is generally moderate, influenced by fluctuating wind patterns and rainfall. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, limiting outdoor activities during peak pollution periods, typically mid-morning and early afternoon. Maintaining indoor air quality through proper ventilation and air filtration is also recommended.