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Junqueirópolis, nestled within the state of São Paulo, Brazil, occupies a geographically significant position in the southwestern portion of the state, a region characterized by a gradual transition from the Cerrado savanna biome to the Atlantic Forest. Located at approximately -21.5147° latitude and -51.4336° longitude, the city’s elevation averages around 550 meters above sea level, contributing to a relatively mild climate. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, with extensive soybean, corn, and sugarcane plantations dominating the rural areas. This agricultural intensity, while economically vital, introduces a localized source of particulate matter, particularly during harvest seasons when machinery and field burning are prevalent. Junqueirópolis sits on a gently undulating terrain, typical of the São Paulo interior, which can influence local wind patterns and the dispersion of pollutants. While not directly adjacent to major rivers, the region benefits from groundwater resources, impacting agricultural practices and potentially influencing humidity levels. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp, with the city acting as a service hub for the surrounding agricultural communities. Its proximity to larger industrial centers in the São Paulo metropolitan area, though not immediately adjacent, means it can experience downwind transport of pollutants. The prevailing winds, generally from the southeast, can carry industrial emissions and agricultural aerosols towards Junqueirópolis, impacting local air quality. The city’s compact urban footprint, combined with the surrounding agricultural activity, creates a unique interplay of factors influencing its atmospheric conditions.

Junqueirópolis experiences a tropical savanna climate, characterized by distinct wet and dry seasons, significantly impacting air quality patterns. The dry season, typically spanning from April to September, often witnesses a noticeable increase in particulate matter concentrations. This is largely attributable to agricultural practices; controlled burns are frequently employed to clear land for planting and harvesting, releasing substantial amounts of smoke and particulate matter into the atmosphere. Reduced rainfall during this period also limits the natural cleansing effect of precipitation, allowing pollutants to persist longer. Temperature inversions, common during the cooler, drier months, trap pollutants near the ground, exacerbating the problem. Conversely, the wet season (October to March) brings increased rainfall and higher humidity, which naturally washes away particulate matter and dilutes gaseous pollutants. Stronger winds associated with convective storms also aid in dispersing pollutants. The months of August and September, coinciding with peak harvest activity, are generally the most challenging for air quality. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor exertion during these periods. During the wet season, while overall air quality improves, periods of heavy fog can temporarily reduce visibility and trap pollutants, requiring caution. Maintaining indoor air quality through proper ventilation and air filtration is advisable throughout the year, particularly during the dry season when agricultural burning is most prevalent. Awareness of regional fire alerts and adherence to public health advisories are crucial for minimizing exposure to elevated pollution levels.