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Maracaí, nestled within the São Paulo state of Brazil, occupies a geographically significant position within the broader Campinas Metropolitan Region. Located at approximately -22.6106° latitude and -50.6672° longitude, the city’s terrain is characterized by gently undulating plains, typical of the Cerrado biome’s transition zone into the Atlantic Forest. Its elevation, around 580 meters above sea level, contributes to a relatively stable climate, though susceptible to temperature inversions. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of agricultural land – primarily sugarcane and citrus cultivation – interspersed with patches of remnant Cerrado vegetation. This proximity to intensive agriculture introduces potential sources of air pollution, including pesticide drift and emissions from machinery. While Maracaí itself is a relatively small city with a population of just under 14,000, its location within the Campinas metropolitan area means it experiences urban influences and is part of a wider industrial and transportation network. The urban–rural gradient is gradual, with agricultural fields bordering residential areas. The city’s distance from major water bodies is considerable, limiting the natural cleansing effect of humidity on air pollutants. The prevailing winds, generally from the southeast, can transport pollutants from industrial zones further east within the state, impacting Maracaí’s air quality. The region’s geological composition, with underlying crystalline rocks, can also influence the dispersion of particulate matter.

Maracaí’s tropical climate dictates a distinct wet and dry season pattern, significantly influencing its air quality throughout the year. The dry season, typically from April to September, often sees a build-up of pollutants due to reduced rainfall and lower humidity. This period is frequently marked by temperature inversions, where a layer of warm air traps cooler air near the ground, preventing the vertical dispersion of pollutants. Agricultural burning, a common practice for land clearing and sugarcane preparation, intensifies during this time, releasing substantial amounts of particulate matter and gases. The months of August and September are particularly concerning, with increased smoke haze impacting visibility and respiratory health. Conversely, the wet season (October to March) brings increased rainfall and higher humidity, which naturally scavenges pollutants from the atmosphere, leading to improved air quality. However, heavy rainfall events can also mobilize dust and soil particles, temporarily worsening particulate matter levels. Fog, more common during the cooler months of June and July, can exacerbate pollution by trapping pollutants near the ground. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, limiting outdoor activities during peak pollution periods and ensuring adequate ventilation indoors. During the wet season, while generally better, vigilance regarding potential dust events remains important.