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Nova Odessa, nestled within the sprawling São Paulo metropolitan region of Brazil, occupies a strategically important position in the Campinas economic belt. Located approximately 100 kilometers northwest of São Paulo city, its coordinates (-22.7797, -47.2962) place it within a gently undulating terrain, part of the larger Serra de Jari formation. The city’s elevation averages around 580 meters above sea level, contributing to a relatively mild climate but also influencing atmospheric stability. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of agricultural land, primarily sugarcane and maize cultivation, interspersed with industrial zones and smaller towns. This proximity to agricultural activity introduces potential sources of particulate matter, particularly during harvest seasons when burning practices, though regulated, can still occur. To the east, the Rio Piracicaba flows, providing a limited moderating effect on local temperatures and humidity, but also posing a potential pathway for pollutants to disperse downstream. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp, with the city transitioning quickly into agricultural fields and smaller rural settlements. Nova Odessa’s location within a densely populated and industrialized region means it’s susceptible to transboundary pollution, receiving influences from the larger São Paulo airshed. The city’s growth has been driven by its industrial sector, particularly automotive component manufacturing, which contributes to localized emissions. The topography, characterized by gentle slopes and valleys, can sometimes trap pollutants, especially during periods of atmospheric stability, exacerbating air quality challenges.

Nova Odessa’s tropical climate dictates a distinct wet and dry season pattern, significantly impacting air quality throughout the year. The dry season, typically from April to September, often sees a build-up of pollutants. Reduced rainfall and lower humidity contribute to increased particulate matter concentrations, as dust and emissions remain suspended in the air for longer periods. Temperature inversions, common during the cooler, drier months, trap pollutants near the ground, intensifying localized air quality issues. Agricultural burning, though regulated, can still occur during this period, adding to the particulate load. The wet season, from October to March, brings increased rainfall and higher humidity, which naturally cleanse the atmosphere, washing away pollutants and reducing their concentration. Stronger winds associated with convective storms also help disperse emissions. However, heavy rainfall can also lead to increased levels of ozone, a secondary pollutant formed through photochemical reactions involving nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds, particularly on sunny days following rainfall. During the transition months (March/April and September/October), fluctuating weather patterns can lead to unpredictable air quality. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, particularly during periods of stagnant air. Outdoor activities are generally more favorable during the wet season, but vigilance regarding ozone levels on clear days following rain is advised. The agricultural cycle, with its associated burning practices, presents a recurring challenge, requiring ongoing monitoring and enforcement of regulations to minimize its impact on air quality.