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Pariquera-Açu, nestled in the heart of São Paulo state, Brazil, occupies a strategically important position within the Paraíba Valley, a region renowned for its agricultural productivity and burgeoning industrial development. Located at approximately -24.7150° latitude and -47.8811° longitude, the city’s geography is characterized by gently undulating terrain, transitioning from the coastal plains towards the Serra do Mar mountain range. This proximity to the mountains significantly influences local weather patterns and, consequently, air quality. Pariquera-Açu sits near the Rio Paraíba do Sul, a vital waterway that moderates temperatures and contributes to regional humidity. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of sugarcane plantations, citrus groves, and pastureland, typical of the region’s intensive agricultural practices. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp; the city itself is compact, but quickly gives way to extensive agricultural fields. Further afield, the Serra do Mar acts as a barrier, influencing airflow and trapping pollutants under certain meteorological conditions. The Paraíba Valley is a key industrial belt, with significant manufacturing and processing industries located nearby, contributing to potential air pollution sources. Pariquera-Açu’s elevation, while modest, allows for some dispersion of pollutants, but the valley’s topography can also lead to stagnation, particularly during periods of low wind speed. The city’s location within a fertile and economically active region means it is susceptible to both agricultural and industrial emissions impacting its air quality.

Pariquera-Açu experiences a tropical savanna climate, characterized by distinct wet and dry seasons rather than four traditional seasons. The dry season, typically spanning from April to September, often sees a noticeable increase in particulate matter. This is largely attributable to agricultural burning practices, as farmers clear fields for planting, releasing significant amounts of smoke and ash into the atmosphere. Reduced rainfall during this period also limits the natural cleansing effect of precipitation, allowing pollutants to linger. Temperature inversions, common during the cooler, drier months, trap pollutants near the ground, exacerbating the issue. The wet season, from October to March, brings increased rainfall and higher humidity, which generally leads to improved air quality as pollutants are washed from the atmosphere. However, periods of intense rainfall can also lead to flooding, which can temporarily release pollutants from soil and water sources. Fog, particularly during the transition months, can also contribute to stagnant air and reduced visibility. Sensitive groups, such as children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, limiting outdoor activities during periods of heavy smoke. The months of August and September often present the most challenging air quality conditions due to peak agricultural burning. Conversely, February and March, with their abundant rainfall, typically offer the best air quality. Maintaining awareness of local weather conditions and agricultural practices is crucial for protecting respiratory health.