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Porto Feliz, nestled in the heart of São Paulo state, Brazil, occupies a strategically important position within the broader Campinas metropolitan region. Located at approximately -23.2150° latitude and -47.5239° longitude, the city sits on a gently undulating plateau, part of the larger São Paulo basin, at an elevation of roughly 550 meters above sea level. This elevation, while not extreme, contributes to localized temperature inversions, a key factor influencing air quality. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of agricultural land, primarily sugarcane and citrus plantations, interspersed with smaller rural settlements. To the west, the Tietê River, though significantly impacted by industrial and agricultural runoff, provides a crucial water source and influences local humidity. Porto Feliz’s urban character is that of a developing municipality, transitioning from a predominantly agricultural economy to one with increasing industrial and commercial activity, particularly related to food processing and logistics. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp, with the city’s built environment quickly giving way to extensive farmland. The proximity to the larger industrial belts of São Paulo and Campinas means that Porto Feliz can experience the advection of pollutants from these sources, particularly during periods of stagnant air. The prevailing winds, generally from the southeast, can carry pollutants from these areas, impacting local air quality. The fertile soil and favorable climate have fostered intensive agriculture, which, while economically vital, introduces agricultural emissions and potential pesticide drift into the atmosphere.

Porto Feliz’s subtropical climate dictates a distinct seasonal pattern in air quality. The wet season, typically from October to March, brings increased rainfall and higher humidity, generally leading to improved air quality as precipitation washes away particulate matter and dilutes gaseous pollutants. However, periods of prolonged rainfall can also lead to increased mold and fungal spore concentrations, impacting respiratory health. The dry season, from April to September, presents a more complex picture. During the cooler months (June-August), temperature inversions are more frequent, trapping pollutants near the ground, particularly in the mornings. Agricultural burning, a common practice for land clearing and sugarcane harvesting, peaks during this period, significantly contributing to particulate matter pollution. September often sees a brief respite as winds increase. The transition months of April and May, and October and November, are characterized by variable conditions, with periods of intense heat and humidity followed by cooler, drier spells. These fluctuations can lead to unpredictable air quality events. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions like asthma, should exercise caution during the dry season, particularly during agricultural burning periods. Limiting outdoor activity during the early morning hours when inversions are most likely to occur is advisable. Staying informed about local air quality reports and adhering to public health advisories is crucial for minimizing exposure and protecting respiratory health. Increased ventilation in homes and workplaces can also help mitigate indoor air pollution.