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Presidente Bernardes, nestled in the western part of São Paulo state, Brazil, occupies a gently undulating terrain characteristic of the region’s transition zone between the Paraná Plateau and the more flattened areas closer to the Paraná River basin. Located at coordinates -22.0061, -51.5531, the city’s elevation is approximately 460 meters above sea level. This moderate altitude influences local weather patterns and air circulation. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, dominated by sugarcane and soybean cultivation, with pockets of native Atlantic Forest remnants. The urban-rural gradient is quite sharp; the city itself is relatively small with a population of around 13,568, quickly giving way to expansive farmland. This proximity to intensive agriculture is a key factor influencing air quality, as agricultural practices often involve burning and the use of pesticides and fertilizers. Presidente Bernardes isn’t directly adjacent to major industrial belts, but it’s within reach of larger regional centres with industrial activity, meaning long-range transport of pollutants is possible. The lack of significant natural barriers like mountains to trap pollutants means dispersion is generally better than in more enclosed urban areas, but still susceptible to prevailing wind directions. The city’s position inland means it lacks the moderating influence of coastal breezes.

Air quality in Presidente Bernardes follows a distinct seasonal pattern largely dictated by the wet and dry seasons typical of São Paulo’s inland climate. The dry season, generally spanning from May to September, witnesses the highest pollution levels. Reduced rainfall leads to increased dust from agricultural activities, particularly during sugarcane harvest and land preparation. Burning for agricultural purposes is also more prevalent during this period, releasing significant particulate matter and other pollutants. Temperature inversions, common during cooler nights in the dry season, trap pollutants near the ground, exacerbating air quality issues. October to April brings the wet season, offering substantial relief. Rainfall effectively washes pollutants from the atmosphere, and increased humidity suppresses dust. However, even during the wet season, localized pollution can occur from vehicle emissions and smaller-scale burning. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should be particularly cautious during the dry months, limiting strenuous outdoor activity. November and December generally offer the most favourable air quality conditions. Fog, common in the cooler months, can also temporarily worsen visibility and trap pollutants.