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Presidente Prudente, nestled in the interior of São Paulo state, Brazil, occupies a strategic position within the Paraná River basin, a region historically vital for agricultural production and increasingly significant for industrial development. Located at approximately -22.1258° latitude and -51.3889° longitude, the city sits on a gently undulating plateau, averaging around 487 meters (1,600 feet) above sea level. This elevation, while not extreme, contributes to localized temperature inversions, particularly during the drier months, which can trap pollutants near the ground. The surrounding landscape is predominantly characterized by expansive agricultural lands – sugarcane, soybeans, and maize are major crops – interspersed with pastureland for cattle ranching. This agricultural intensity contributes to particulate matter pollution, particularly from agricultural burning practices, although regulations are increasingly enforced. The urban–rural gradient transitions relatively quickly, with smaller agricultural communities and rural settlements bordering the city limits. Presidente Prudente’s proximity to the Paraná River, though not directly on its banks, influences regional climate patterns and can occasionally impact air quality through the transport of moisture and pollutants. The city’s growth has been driven by its role as a regional hub for commerce and industry, with a developing industrial belt concentrated to the north and east, contributing to localized emissions. The terrain’s gentle slopes and relatively flat surrounding plains allow for the widespread dispersal of pollutants under favorable wind conditions, but can exacerbate issues during periods of stagnant air.

Presidente Prudente experiences a tropical savanna climate, characterized by distinct wet and dry seasons, profoundly influencing its air quality profile. The dry season, typically spanning from April to September, is often associated with poorer air quality. Reduced rainfall leads to lower atmospheric moisture, increasing the concentration of particulate matter, particularly PM10 and PM2.5, stemming from agricultural activities like controlled burns for land clearing and sugarcane harvesting. Temperature inversions are more frequent during this period, trapping pollutants close to the ground, especially during the cooler nights. The months of July and August often see the highest concentrations of these pollutants. Conversely, the wet season (October to March) brings increased rainfall, which naturally washes pollutants from the atmosphere, leading to improved air quality. Higher humidity also helps to suppress dust generation. However, intense rainfall events can occasionally mobilize pollutants from construction sites or unpaved roads, creating temporary spikes. Fog, though infrequent, can occur during the cooler months, further exacerbating the trapping of pollutants. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, limiting outdoor activities during peak pollution periods, particularly in the mornings and evenings. During the wet season, while generally better, vigilance regarding potential runoff-related pollution is advised. The interplay of agricultural practices, meteorological conditions, and urban development dictates the seasonal air quality narrative in Presidente Prudente.