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Suzano, nestled within the state of São Paulo, Brazil, occupies a geographically complex position influencing its air quality. Located at coordinates -23.5428, -46.3108, the city sits within the broader Metropolitan Region of São Paulo, a heavily urbanized and industrialized area. The terrain is characterized by rolling hills and plateaus, part of the Serra do Mar foothills, with an elevation ranging between 600 and 800 meters. This topography can contribute to temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground. Suzano is bisected by the Rio Tiete, a major waterway, and benefits from proximity to the Atlantic Forest remnants, though these are increasingly fragmented. Historically an industrial hub, particularly in paper and cellulose production, Suzano’s air quality is significantly impacted by these industries, alongside emissions from the extensive road network connecting it to São Paulo city and other regional centers. The urban-rural gradient is pronounced; while the city center is densely populated, surrounding areas retain agricultural land and patches of forest. This mix creates localized pollution hotspots, particularly downwind of industrial zones and along major transport corridors. The city’s location within a humid subtropical climate also plays a role, influencing pollutant dispersion and chemical reactions.

Suzano experiences a distinct wet and dry season, heavily influencing air quality. The drier months, typically May to September, coincide with increased pollutant concentrations. Lower rainfall means less atmospheric cleansing, and stable atmospheric conditions are more frequent, fostering temperature inversions that trap emissions from industry and vehicle traffic. August and September are often the worst months for respiratory irritation. Conversely, the wet season, from October to April, brings significant improvements in air quality. Frequent rainfall effectively washes pollutants from the atmosphere, and increased humidity can suppress dust and particulate matter. However, even during the wet season, localized pollution can occur due to ongoing industrial activity. November and December, while wetter, can still experience elevated levels of ozone due to increased sunlight and warmer temperatures. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing respiratory conditions – should exercise caution during the drier months, limiting strenuous outdoor activity and monitoring their health. During the wet season, while air quality generally improves, vigilance is still advised, particularly near industrial areas. Fog, common during cooler months, can exacerbate particulate matter concentrations.