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Taguaí, nestled within the São Paulo state of Brazil, occupies a geographically significant position within the broader Southeast region. Located at approximately -23.4519 latitude and -49.4089 longitude, the city’s terrain is characterized by gently undulating hills, typical of the Serra do Mar foothills, rising to an average elevation of around 550 meters above sea level. This elevation contributes to localized microclimates and can influence air circulation patterns. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of agricultural land, primarily sugarcane and maize cultivation, interspersed with patches of Atlantic Forest remnants. This proximity to intensive agriculture introduces potential sources of particulate matter and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) into the local atmosphere, particularly during harvest seasons. Taguaí sits within a transitional zone, exhibiting a gradual urban–rural gradient. While it maintains a relatively small population of approximately 12,669, it’s strategically located near larger urban centers like São José do Rio Preto, which introduces influences from industrial and transportation emissions. The city’s location isn’t directly adjacent to major rivers, but it benefits from regional groundwater resources. The prevailing winds, generally flowing from the west, can transport pollutants from agricultural areas and distant industrial belts, impacting Taguaí’s air quality. Topography plays a crucial role; valleys can trap pollutants, while higher elevations experience greater dispersion, creating variable air quality conditions across the municipality. The climate is humid subtropical, further influencing atmospheric stability and pollutant behavior.

Taguaí’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal rhythm dictated by its humid subtropical climate. The wet season, typically spanning from October to March, brings increased rainfall and higher humidity, generally leading to improved air quality as precipitation washes away particulate matter and dilutes gaseous pollutants. However, periods of prolonged fog, common during this season, can trap pollutants near the ground, creating localized episodes of reduced visibility and potentially elevated concentrations of certain pollutants. The dry season, from April to September, presents a different scenario. Lower rainfall and reduced humidity contribute to atmospheric stability, increasing the likelihood of temperature inversions, particularly during the cooler months of June and July. These inversions trap pollutants close to the surface, exacerbating air quality issues. Agricultural activities intensify during the dry season, with sugarcane burning often employed for land clearing and harvesting, releasing significant amounts of smoke and particulate matter into the atmosphere. August and September often see the highest levels of these emissions. During the transitional months of March/April and September/October, wind patterns are often variable, leading to unpredictable air quality fluctuations. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during periods of stagnant air, particularly during the dry season and when agricultural burning is prevalent. Outdoor activities are generally more favorable during the wet season, but vigilance is still advised during foggy periods. Maintaining awareness of regional air quality reports and limiting exposure during peak pollution events is crucial for protecting public health.