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Xavantes, nestled within the sprawling state of São Paulo, Brazil, occupies a geographically significant position within the larger metropolitan region. Located at approximately -23.0389 latitude and -49.7094 longitude, the city’s terrain is characterized by gently undulating hills, typical of the Serra do Mar foothills, which influence local wind patterns and air circulation. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of rural agricultural lands, transitioning into the dense urban fabric of greater São Paulo. While not directly adjacent to a major river, Xavantes benefits from proximity to smaller tributaries and streams that contribute to regional humidity. Its elevation, though modest, creates a localized microclimate where temperature inversions can occasionally occur, trapping pollutants closer to the ground. The city’s position within the São Paulo metropolitan area places it within reach of significant industrial belts concentrated further west, and extensive agricultural zones to the north and east, both of which contribute to regional air pollution sources. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp, with Xavantes experiencing a gradual shift from urban development to agricultural fields and forested areas. This proximity to both industrial and agricultural activities, combined with the topography, creates a complex interplay of factors impacting air quality, making it susceptible to both long-range transport of pollutants and localized emissions from farming practices and nearby industrial operations. The prevailing winds, often influenced by the Serra do Mar, play a crucial role in dispersing or concentrating pollutants within the region.

Xavantes experiences a subtropical climate with distinct wet and dry seasons, significantly influencing its air quality profile. The wet season, typically spanning from October to March, brings increased rainfall and higher humidity, generally leading to improved air quality as precipitation washes away particulate matter and dilutes gaseous pollutants. However, periods of prolonged rainfall can also increase the prevalence of fungal spores, impacting respiratory health for sensitive individuals. The dry season, from April to September, is characterized by lower rainfall, higher temperatures, and reduced humidity. This often results in stagnant air conditions, particularly during periods of anticyclonic weather patterns, which can lead to temperature inversions. These inversions trap pollutants near the ground, exacerbating air quality issues. Months like August and September frequently experience these conditions, making them periods to exercise caution, especially for children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing respiratory conditions. During the dry season, agricultural burning, a common practice in surrounding areas, contributes significantly to particulate matter pollution. The intensity of this burning varies year to year, impacting air quality unpredictably. The increased sunlight during the dry season also promotes the formation of ground-level ozone, a respiratory irritant. During the transition months (March/April and September/October), wind patterns are often variable, leading to fluctuating air quality. It’s advisable to monitor local air quality reports and limit strenuous outdoor activities during periods of poor air quality, particularly during the dry season’s peak.