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Taguatinga, nestled in the state of Tocantins, Brazil, occupies a geographically significant position within the Cerrado biome, a vast tropical savanna ecoregion. Located at -12.4061° latitude and -46.4339° longitude, the city’s terrain is characterized by gently undulating plains, typical of the Tocantins region, with elevations rarely exceeding 300 meters above sea level. This relatively flat landscape, while facilitating urban development, can also contribute to localized air quality challenges. The surrounding landscape is dominated by the Cerrado’s characteristic vegetation – a mosaic of grasslands, shrubs, and gallery forests along ephemeral streams. Taguatinga’s proximity to the Araguaia River, though not directly adjacent, influences regional climate patterns and humidity levels. The urban–rural gradient transitions rapidly, with agricultural activities, primarily soybean and maize cultivation, prevalent in the immediate outskirts. These agricultural practices, including the use of fertilizers and pesticides, and occasional controlled burns, can contribute to localized air pollution episodes. Further afield, the broader Tocantins region is experiencing increasing industrial development, particularly in the mining and processing sectors, which, while not directly impacting Taguatinga’s immediate air quality, can contribute to regional pollution transport. The city’s small population (14,011) suggests a primarily rural or small-town character, with limited heavy industry within its boundaries, though transportation-related emissions remain a factor. The prevailing winds, generally from the east, can carry pollutants from neighboring areas, impacting Taguatinga’s air quality.

Taguatinga’s tropical climate dictates a distinct wet and dry season pattern, profoundly influencing its air quality. The dry season, typically from May to September, is characterized by lower rainfall and increased temperatures, often accompanied by periods of intense sunshine. This period frequently sees a build-up of particulate matter due to reduced precipitation to wash pollutants from the atmosphere and increased dust from agricultural activities and unpaved roads. Temperature inversions, where cooler air becomes trapped beneath a layer of warmer air, are more common during the dry season, hindering vertical mixing and concentrating pollutants near ground level. The wet season, from October to April, brings higher humidity and frequent rainfall, which naturally cleanses the air, reducing particulate concentrations. However, heavy rainfall can also lead to increased levels of biological allergens and mold spores, impacting respiratory health. During the transition months (April/May and September/October), fluctuating weather patterns can lead to unpredictable air quality. The months of July and August often experience the poorest air quality due to the combination of dry conditions, temperature inversions, and agricultural practices. Sensitive groups, such as children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor exertion during these periods. Increased vigilance regarding burning practices in surrounding agricultural areas is also advised. The higher humidity of the wet season can exacerbate allergies, so those prone to allergic reactions should take appropriate precautions. Overall, while the wet season offers a respite from particulate pollution, the dry season presents the greatest air quality challenges for Taguatinga’s residents.