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Nova Zagora, nestled within the Sliven Province of Bulgaria, occupies a geographically significant position in the lower Balkan Mountains, approximately 220 kilometers east of Sofia. Its coordinates (42.4830, 26.0170) place it on a gently sloping terrain, transitioning from the foothills of the Balkan range towards the Thracian Plain. The city’s elevation, averaging around 350 meters above sea level, contributes to localized microclimates and influences air circulation patterns. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of agricultural land – primarily vineyards and orchards, reflecting the region’s strong viticultural tradition – interspersed with pockets of deciduous forest. To the west, the Balkan Mountains provide a natural barrier, potentially trapping pollutants under certain meteorological conditions. The city’s urban character is that of a moderately sized industrial town, historically reliant on brickworks and, more recently, food processing and light manufacturing. This industrial heritage, while contributing to the local economy, presents a potential source of localized air pollution. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp; the city quickly gives way to agricultural fields and forested areas. The absence of major rivers directly adjacent to Nova Zagora means humidity levels are generally lower, which can affect pollutant dispersion. The proximity to the Tundzha River, approximately 15 kilometers to the south, does, however, influence regional weather patterns and can occasionally provide a pathway for pollutant transport, particularly during periods of low wind. The prevailing winds generally flow from the northwest, impacting how pollutants are distributed across the region.

Nova Zagora’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle heavily influenced by Bulgaria’s continental climate. Winter months (December-February) often see the most challenging conditions. Temperature inversions, common during this period, trap cooler air near the ground, preventing the vertical dispersion of pollutants emitted from industrial sources and residential heating. Fog, frequently occurring in winter, further exacerbates this issue by reducing visibility and hindering pollutant dispersal. Spring (March-May) brings a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and wind speeds increase, aiding in the dilution and removal of pollutants. However, agricultural activities, including the use of fertilizers and machinery, can contribute to localized emissions. Summer (June-August) typically offers the best air quality, with consistent winds and high temperatures promoting efficient pollutant dispersion. However, heatwaves can lead to increased ozone formation, a secondary pollutant. Autumn (September-November) presents a transitional period. As temperatures cool, the risk of temperature inversions returns, though generally less severe than in winter. Agricultural burning, a traditional practice in the region, can also contribute to elevated particulate matter levels during this time. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during winter and early spring, limiting outdoor activity during periods of stagnant air or fog. During the warmer months, monitoring for ozone alerts is advisable, particularly during heatwaves. Maintaining well-ventilated indoor spaces and avoiding strenuous outdoor activity during peak pollution episodes are recommended practices for all residents.