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Béna, nestled within the Boucle du Mouhoun region of Burkina Faso, occupies a geographically significant position within the Sahelian zone. Located at approximately 12.0804° latitude and -4.1890° longitude, the town’s terrain is predominantly characterized by gently undulating plains, typical of the wider Sahel landscape. The surrounding area is a mosaic of savanna grasslands, punctuated by acacia woodlands and sparse agricultural plots, reflecting the region’s semi-arid climate. While Béna itself lacks immediate proximity to major rivers, it sits within a watershed influenced by seasonal rainfall patterns that feed smaller tributaries and ephemeral water bodies. The urban footprint of Béna is relatively compact, reflecting its small population of 11963, and exhibits a clear urban–rural gradient, with agricultural activities gradually intensifying as one moves outwards from the town center. The Boucle du Mouhoun region, known for its agricultural production (primarily cotton and cereals), influences Béna’s air quality through potential dust emissions from cultivated fields, particularly during the dry season when wind speeds increase. The absence of large-scale industrial zones within Béna itself mitigates some pollution risks, but regional transportation routes and occasional burning of agricultural residues can contribute to localized air quality challenges. The elevation of Béna, relatively low, contributes to potential temperature inversions during cooler months, which can trap pollutants near the ground. The surrounding savanna, while providing a natural filter, can also be a source of particulate matter during the dry season due to wind erosion.

Béna’s air quality is intrinsically linked to its distinct wet and dry seasons, a characteristic of the Sahelian climate. The dry season, typically spanning from November to May, presents the most significant air quality concerns. Characterized by intense solar radiation, high temperatures, and frequent, strong winds, this period sees a surge in particulate matter. Wind erosion from exposed agricultural land and unpaved roads becomes a major contributor, carrying fine dust particles over considerable distances. Temperature inversions, common during the cooler mornings of the dry season, can trap these particles close to the ground, exacerbating the issue. The Harmattan wind, a dry, dusty trade wind blowing from the Sahara, frequently impacts Béna during this time, further degrading air quality. Conversely, the wet season (June to October) brings a marked improvement. Rainfall effectively washes pollutants from the atmosphere, and increased humidity reduces dust generation. However, periods of intense rainfall can lead to localized flooding, potentially releasing contaminants from soil and waste management sites. The months of February and March often experience peak dust events due to a combination of high winds and residual dry conditions. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, limiting outdoor activities during peak dust periods and wearing appropriate face coverings. Maintaining good ventilation indoors and avoiding exposure to smoke from cooking fires are also crucial preventative measures.