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Boulsa, situated in the Centre-Nord region of Burkina Faso at approximately 12.67°N, -0.58°W, is a town deeply embedded within the Sahelian landscape. The terrain is predominantly flat to gently undulating, characteristic of the broader Volta Plateau. The town lies roughly 290 meters above sea level, influencing local wind patterns and contributing to potential temperature inversions. Boulsa isn’t proximate to any significant bodies of water; its environment is defined by the dry savanna and sparse vegetation typical of the Sahel. The surrounding region is heavily agricultural, with millet, sorghum, and maize being key crops. This agricultural activity, while vital to the local economy, contributes to particulate matter pollution through land preparation, harvesting, and the burning of residual biomass. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp; Boulsa serves as a market centre for surrounding villages, meaning increased traffic and localised concentrations of dust during market days. The town’s location within a broad river valley can sometimes trap pollutants, particularly during periods of calm weather. Dust from the Sahara Desert, carried by Harmattan winds, frequently impacts air quality, especially during the dry season. The lack of substantial industrial development means the primary pollution sources are largely related to agriculture, transport, and domestic fuel use.

Boulsa experiences a distinct wet and dry season, heavily influencing air quality. The dry season, roughly November to May, is characterised by consistently poor air quality. The Harmattan winds, originating from the Sahara, bring significant amounts of dust and particulate matter, reducing visibility and exacerbating respiratory issues. January and February are typically the worst months. Temperature inversions, common during cooler nights in the dry season, trap pollutants near the ground. The wet season, from June to October, offers a temporary respite. Rainfall washes away dust and suppresses particulate matter, leading to improved air quality. However, increased humidity can promote mold growth, potentially triggering allergic reactions. August and September, while wetter, can experience localised pollution from agricultural burning as farmers prepare fields for the next planting season. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during peak Harmattan periods and agricultural burning. During the wet season, monitoring for mold and dampness indoors is crucial. Overall, avoiding strenuous outdoor activity during the dry season is advisable.