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Léo, situated in the Centre-Ouest region of Burkina Faso, occupies a relatively flat terrain at an elevation of approximately 280 meters. This positioning within the Sudanese savanna belt significantly influences its air quality. The city isn’t proximate to major bodies of water; instead, it’s characterized by a landscape of sparse vegetation and lateritic soils. Léo functions as a crucial market centre and transport hub, connecting agricultural regions to larger urban areas, notably Ouagadougou. The surrounding area is dominated by agricultural activity – primarily subsistence farming of millet, sorghum, and cotton – and pastoralism. This agricultural landscape contributes to particulate matter pollution through land preparation, harvesting, and the burning of residual biomass. The urban-rural gradient is fairly abrupt, with a rapid transition from densely populated residential areas to open farmland. Dust from unpaved roads and construction activities within the city itself further exacerbates particulate matter levels. The lack of significant industrial activity within Léo itself means that the primary pollution sources are largely localized to transport, domestic fuel burning (wood and charcoal), and agricultural practices in the immediate vicinity. Wind patterns, often influenced by the Harmattan winds blowing from the Sahara, can transport dust and pollutants across the region, impacting Léo’s air quality.

Léo experiences a distinct wet and dry season, profoundly impacting air quality. The dry season, spanning roughly November to May, is characterized by consistently high levels of particulate matter. The Harmattan winds, prevalent during this period, carry significant amounts of Saharan dust, reducing visibility and exacerbating respiratory issues. Land preparation for the upcoming agricultural season also contributes to increased dust and biomass burning. January to March are particularly challenging months for those with pre-existing respiratory conditions. The transition to the wet season, from June to August, brings a temporary improvement in air quality as rainfall suppresses dust and washes pollutants from the atmosphere. However, increased humidity can also foster mold growth, potentially triggering allergic reactions. September and October see a gradual return to drier conditions and a corresponding increase in particulate matter. The wet season, while offering some respite, isn’t entirely free of pollution due to ongoing domestic fuel burning and localized agricultural activities. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory illnesses – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during the dry season and consider using masks when dust levels are high. Monitoring weather patterns and avoiding peak dust periods is crucial for protecting respiratory health.