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Kampong Thum, nestled within Kampong Thom province in central Cambodia, occupies a relatively flat terrain typical of the Tonle Sap basin. Situated at coordinates 12.7120°N, 104.8890°E, the city’s geography is profoundly shaped by its proximity to the Sen River, a major tributary of the Tonle Sap Lake. This waterway influences local humidity and can contribute to localised temperature inversions, trapping pollutants. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, characterised by rice paddies and scattered rural villages, transitioning to more dense vegetation further from the urban core. While Kampong Thum isn’t a major industrial hub, the increasing prevalence of small-scale brick kilns and agricultural burning practices in the region contribute to particulate matter emissions. The urban-rural gradient is quite sharp; the city itself is compact with a population of approximately 19,951, quickly giving way to expansive agricultural lands. This proximity to agricultural activity means seasonal burning for land preparation significantly impacts air quality. The relatively low elevation, combined with the humid tropical climate, can exacerbate the effects of pollutants, reducing dispersion. Dust from unpaved roads also contributes to localised air quality concerns, particularly during the dry season. Understanding this interplay of geography and activity is crucial for addressing air quality challenges.

Kampong Thum experiences a distinct wet and dry season, heavily influencing air quality. The dry season, typically from November to April, sees a significant deterioration in air quality. Reduced rainfall means less atmospheric cleansing, and increased dust from roads and agricultural activities becomes prevalent. February and March are often the worst months, with increased burning for land preparation before the rainy season. Temperature inversions, common during cooler nights in the dry season, trap pollutants near the ground. The wet season, from May to October, brings relief. Monsoon rains effectively wash pollutants from the atmosphere, leading to substantially improved air quality. However, even during the wet season, localised pollution from brick kilns and vehicle emissions remains a concern. August and September, while generally cleaner, can experience periods of high humidity and stagnant air, potentially leading to localised build-up of pollutants. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during the peak of the dry season. During the wet season, while air quality is generally good, monitoring for localised sources is still advisable. The cyclical nature of the monsoon dictates the annual air quality rhythm of Kampong Thum.