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Bafia, nestled within the Centre Region of Cameroon at approximately 4.75°N, 11.22°E, occupies a geographically significant position at the edge of the Bamenda Highlands, transitioning into the southern savanna. The city’s elevation, averaging around 850 meters (2,789 feet) above sea level, contributes to a cooler climate compared to coastal regions, but also influences atmospheric stability and potential for temperature inversions. Bafia is surrounded by a mosaic of agricultural land, primarily dedicated to cocoa, coffee, and maize cultivation, interspersed with patches of dense tropical forest. This agricultural activity, while vital to the local economy, introduces potential sources of particulate matter from burning agricultural waste and fertilizer application. The urban landscape is characterized by a gradual urban–rural gradient, with traditional mud-brick houses gradually giving way to more modern construction as one approaches the town center. While Bafia lacks direct proximity to major rivers, it benefits from seasonal streams and rainfall, which can impact local humidity and influence pollutant dispersion. The city’s location, bridging the highlands and savanna, means it’s susceptible to winds from both regions, impacting the transport of pollutants. The absence of large-scale industrial zones within Bafia itself mitigates some pollution risks, but the proximity to agricultural belts and the potential for biomass burning remain key factors shaping its air quality profile. The terrain, gently sloping towards the south, can also lead to localized accumulation of pollutants in certain areas.

Bafia experiences a distinct wet and dry season, profoundly impacting its air quality. The dry season, typically spanning from November to March, is often characterized by lower rainfall and increased biomass burning for land clearing and agricultural practices. This leads to elevated levels of particulate matter, particularly PM2.5 and PM10, significantly impacting respiratory health. Temperature inversions, more frequent during the cooler, drier nights, trap pollutants close to the ground, exacerbating the problem. The prevailing winds during this period, often originating from the north, can transport pollutants from surrounding agricultural areas into the city. Conversely, the wet season (April to October) brings frequent rainfall, which naturally scavenges pollutants from the atmosphere, leading to a noticeable improvement in air quality. However, periods of intense rainfall can also lead to flooding, potentially releasing contaminants from soil and waste into the air. Fog, common during the transition months, can also trap pollutants, creating localized air quality concerns. During the wet season, outdoor activities are generally more favorable, particularly during the months of May, June, and September when rainfall is less intense. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, limiting prolonged outdoor exposure and avoiding areas with visible smoke. The combination of agricultural practices and meteorological conditions creates a dynamic air quality profile throughout the year, demanding careful monitoring and mitigation strategies.