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Maroua, situated in Cameroon’s Extrême-Nord Region, occupies a geographically significant position within the Sahelian transition zone. Located at approximately 10.5971° N, 14.3157° E, the city’s terrain is predominantly characterized by undulating plains and gently sloping hills, a landscape sculpted by the Logone-Chari River basin. The elevation averages around 240 meters above sea level, contributing to a relatively stable atmospheric layer, though susceptible to seasonal variations. Maroua’s urban fabric is a blend of traditional mud-brick architecture and more modern constructions, reflecting its evolving status as a regional commercial hub. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of savanna grasslands, interspersed with agricultural fields cultivating millet, sorghum, and maize – key crops for the region. A gradual urban-rural gradient extends outwards, transitioning from the densely populated core of Maroua to scattered villages and extensive agricultural lands. The proximity to Lake Chad, though distant, influences regional weather patterns and contributes to humidity levels. While Maroua lacks significant heavy industrial belts within its immediate vicinity, the presence of smaller-scale processing facilities related to agriculture, alongside vehicular traffic, contributes to localized air quality concerns. The city’s location within a semi-arid climate, coupled with its position at the edge of the Sahara, means that dust storms originating from the desert can significantly impact air quality, particularly during the dry season. The prevailing Harmattan winds, originating from the Sahara, frequently transport fine particulate matter, exacerbating air pollution episodes.

Maroua’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle dictated by its tropical savanna climate. The dry season, spanning roughly November to April, presents the most challenging period. Characterized by minimal rainfall and strong, persistent Harmattan winds, this season witnesses a significant increase in particulate matter pollution. These winds, laden with dust and sand from the Sahara, create frequent haze events, reducing visibility and impacting respiratory health. Temperature inversions, common during the cooler nights of this period, can trap pollutants near the ground, further intensifying the problem. The months of January and February are typically the most problematic, with increased respiratory ailments reported. Conversely, the wet season, from May to October, brings a period of relative improvement. Rainfall effectively ‘washes’ pollutants from the atmosphere, and increased humidity can help to settle dust particles. However, agricultural activities, including burning of crop residues after harvest (typically in October/November), can introduce localized spikes in smoke and particulate matter. The monsoon-like rains, while beneficial for cleansing the air, can also lead to increased fungal spores and allergens, impacting those with sensitivities. During the transition months (April/May and September/October), fluctuating wind patterns and variable rainfall can lead to unpredictable air quality. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, limiting outdoor exposure and using appropriate respiratory protection when necessary. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purification can also be beneficial.