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Bafang, nestled within the Ouest region of Cameroon (coordinates 5.1500° N, 10.1833° E), occupies a geographically significant position at the edge of the Bamenda Highlands, transitioning into the grassy plains of the country’s western interior. The city’s elevation, averaging around 750 meters above sea level, contributes to a generally cooler climate compared to coastal areas, but also influences local air circulation patterns. Bafang is surrounded by a mosaic of agricultural land, primarily dedicated to cocoa, coffee, and plantain cultivation, interspersed with small-scale farming and traditional villages. This agricultural activity, while vital to the regional economy, can contribute to localized air pollution through the burning of agricultural waste and the use of fertilizers. The urban–rural gradient around Bafang is relatively gradual, with small settlements and farms extending outwards, creating a diffuse pattern of human activity. While not directly adjacent to major rivers, the area receives substantial rainfall, contributing to humidity and influencing atmospheric stability. The surrounding landscape is characterized by rolling hills and valleys, which can trap pollutants under certain meteorological conditions. There are no major industrial belts immediately bordering Bafang, but the city serves as a regional market town, with increased vehicular traffic contributing to localized emissions. The terrain’s undulating nature and the surrounding agricultural zones combine to create a complex microclimate impacting air quality, particularly concerning particulate matter and volatile organic compounds.

Bafang experiences a distinct wet and dry season, significantly impacting its air quality profile. The dry season, typically spanning from November to March, often sees a noticeable increase in particulate matter. This is largely attributable to agricultural practices; farmers frequently burn crop residues to clear fields, releasing significant amounts of smoke and soot into the atmosphere. Reduced rainfall during this period also limits the natural cleansing effect of precipitation, allowing pollutants to linger. Temperature inversions, common during the cooler nights of the dry season, can trap pollutants near the ground, exacerbating the problem. The wet season, from April to October, brings frequent rainfall and higher humidity, generally leading to improved air quality as pollutants are washed from the atmosphere. However, periods of intense rainfall can also lead to increased soil erosion and dust generation, temporarily impacting air quality. Fog, particularly during the transition months (March/April and September/October), can also trap pollutants, creating localized pockets of poor air quality. Sensitive groups, such as children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, particularly during periods of agricultural burning. Outdoor activities are generally more favorable during the wet season, although vigilance regarding dust storms following heavy rainfall is advised. The interplay of agricultural practices, rainfall patterns, and atmospheric stability dictates the seasonal fluctuations in Bafang’s air quality, demanding adaptive strategies for public health.