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Kekem, a small city in Cameroon’s Ouest Region, is nestled amidst a landscape dominated by the rolling hills and dense rainforests characteristic of the country’s western highlands. Located at approximately 5.17°N latitude and 10.03°E longitude, the city’s elevation contributes to cooler temperatures than lower-lying areas, but also influences air dispersion patterns. The surrounding terrain is primarily agricultural, with cocoa, coffee, and plantain farms prevalent in the immediate vicinity. This agricultural activity, while vital to the local economy, introduces potential sources of particulate matter from land clearing and the burning of agricultural waste. Kekem isn’t directly adjacent to major bodies of water, though smaller rivers and streams crisscross the region, influencing local humidity. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp; Kekem itself is a concentrated settlement, quickly giving way to rural farmland and forested areas. While not a major industrial hub, small-scale processing of agricultural products occurs within and around the city, contributing to localised emissions. The city’s position within a valley can exacerbate pollution events, trapping pollutants during periods of calm weather. Understanding these geographical factors is crucial for assessing and mitigating air quality challenges in Kekem.

Kekem experiences a tropical monsoon climate, broadly defined by a pronounced wet and dry season rather than traditional four seasons. Air quality in Kekem is significantly impacted by these shifts. The dry season, typically from November to March, sees a peak in particulate matter pollution. Reduced rainfall means less atmospheric cleansing, and increased reliance on burning for agricultural practices and waste disposal exacerbates the issue. Harmattan winds, originating from the Sahara, can transport dust and sand, further degrading air quality during this period. February and March are generally the months with the poorest air quality. The onset of the wet season (April-October) brings a dramatic improvement. Frequent rainfall washes pollutants from the atmosphere, and higher humidity reduces dust suspension. However, the wet season also brings increased fungal spores, potentially impacting those with respiratory sensitivities. August and September, during the peak of the rainy season, offer the most favourable conditions for outdoor activity. Temperature inversions, common during the transition periods between wet and dry seasons, can trap pollutants near ground level. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during the dry season and monitor their health closely.