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Limbe, nestled in Cameroon’s South-West Region, presents a unique geographic setting profoundly influencing its air quality. Situated on a narrow coastal strip between the Atlantic Ocean and the Bakossi Mountains, the city’s terrain is characterized by volcanic hills and a humid tropical climate. Its coordinates (4.0167, 9.2167) place it within a region of high biodiversity, but also one susceptible to localized pollution. The city’s elevation rises sharply inland, creating microclimates and influencing wind patterns. Limbe’s proximity to the Atlantic provides a moderating influence on temperatures, but also contributes to high humidity and potential for sea breezes carrying salt spray and, occasionally, pollutants from maritime activity. The surrounding landscape is a mix of rainforest, oil palm plantations, and increasingly, urban sprawl. The presence of the Limbe oil refinery and associated industrial activity forms a significant pollution source. An urban-rural gradient exists, with air quality generally deteriorating closer to industrial zones and the city centre, while the mountainous areas to the east experience comparatively cleaner air, though accessibility is limited. The city’s location within a coastal valley can trap pollutants, exacerbating air quality issues during periods of calm weather.

Limbe experiences a distinct wet and dry season cycle, heavily influencing air quality. The dry season, roughly November to March, sees a peak in particulate matter pollution. Harmattan winds, originating from the Sahara, carry dust and sand southward, significantly degrading air quality. Lower humidity during this period also means pollutants are less likely to be washed out by rain. Temperature inversions, common in the mornings, trap pollutants near ground level. Conversely, the wet season (April to October) generally brings improved air quality. Frequent rainfall effectively scrubs the atmosphere, reducing concentrations of dust and other pollutants. However, increased humidity can also promote the formation of mould and allergens, impacting respiratory health. August and September, often the wettest months, are typically the most favourable for outdoor activity. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should be particularly cautious during the Harmattan season (December-February) and periods of industrial activity. Monitoring wind direction is crucial; winds from the refinery area will carry higher concentrations of pollutants. Avoiding strenuous outdoor exercise during peak pollution times is advisable.