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Assomada, nestled in the Santa Catarina state of Cape Verde, occupies a geographically significant position within the island of Santiago. Located at approximately 15.0949° latitude and -23.6654° longitude, the town sits at a modest elevation, contributing to a relatively mild climate. The surrounding landscape is characterized by a blend of volcanic terrain and fertile valleys, a legacy of the island’s geological history. Assomada’s proximity to the Atlantic Ocean, roughly 10 kilometers to the west, exerts a considerable influence on local weather patterns and, consequently, air quality. The town’s urban character is developing, transitioning from a primarily agricultural hub to a growing commercial center, serving as a vital link between the northern and southern regions of Santiago. This transition is reflected in a gradual urban–rural gradient, with agricultural lands gradually giving way to residential and commercial areas. While Assomada itself lacks significant heavy industry, its role as a market town means it experiences increased vehicular traffic, a potential contributor to localized air pollution. The broader region is dominated by agricultural zones, primarily focused on the cultivation of fruits, vegetables, and coffee, which can introduce particulate matter from soil erosion and agricultural practices, particularly during the dry season. The prevailing trade winds, typical of Cape Verde, generally provide some natural ventilation, but localized topography can create pockets where pollutants accumulate.

Assomada’s climate, typical of Cape Verde, exhibits a distinct wet and dry season rather than the four traditional seasons. The dry season, generally spanning from November to May, presents unique air quality challenges. Reduced rainfall leads to drier soils, increasing the potential for windblown dust and particulate matter, especially during periods of strong trade winds. Temperature inversions, though less frequent than in colder climates, can occasionally occur, trapping pollutants closer to the ground, particularly during calmer periods. The wet season, from June to October, brings increased rainfall, which naturally helps to cleanse the atmosphere by washing away particulate matter and reducing dust levels. However, intense rainfall events can lead to soil erosion and runoff, potentially carrying pollutants into waterways and temporarily impacting air quality. Wind patterns are crucial; consistent trade winds generally disperse pollutants, but periods of calm can allow for localized accumulation. During the dry season, particularly February and March, outdoor activities should be approached with caution, especially for individuals with respiratory sensitivities. The increased dust and potential for temperature inversions can exacerbate existing conditions. Conversely, the wet season offers a period of improved air quality, though vigilance regarding potential runoff-related pollutants remains important. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing respiratory or cardiovascular conditions, should monitor local conditions and limit prolonged outdoor exposure during periods of high dust or calm weather.