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Ndélé, situated in the Bamingui-Bangoran Prefecture of the Central African Republic, occupies a geographically significant position within the Sahelian transition zone. Located at approximately 8.4092° N latitude and 20.6531° E longitude, the city’s terrain is predominantly characterized by undulating grasslands and sparse savanna, typical of this semi-arid region. The elevation is relatively low, averaging around 350-450 meters above sea level, contributing to a generally stable atmospheric layer, though susceptible to seasonal shifts. Ndélé’s proximity to the Chari River, though not directly on its banks, influences local humidity and temperature patterns, creating microclimates within the urban area. The surrounding landscape is dominated by extensive pastoral lands, supporting nomadic herding communities and contributing to a rural-urban gradient where traditional agricultural practices and livestock management are integral to the regional economy. There are no significant industrial belts near Ndélé; the local economy revolves primarily around subsistence farming (millet, sorghum, maize), livestock rearing, and limited trade. The urban fabric itself is relatively low-density, with a mix of traditional mud-brick dwellings and more modern constructions, reflecting a gradual process of urbanization. The lack of substantial industrial activity initially suggests lower pollution potential, however, biomass burning for cooking and heating, coupled with dust resuspension from agricultural activities and unpaved roads, are key factors shaping the local air quality profile. The vast, open savanna surrounding Ndélé allows for relatively good atmospheric dispersion, but seasonal wind patterns can concentrate pollutants within the city limits.

Ndélé’s air quality is inextricably linked to its tropical savanna climate, exhibiting a distinct wet and dry season cycle. The dry season, typically spanning from November to April, presents the most significant air quality challenges. During this period, reduced rainfall leads to increased dust resuspension from agricultural fields and unpaved roads, exacerbated by frequent, strong winds characteristic of the Harmattan. These winds, originating from the Sahara, carry fine particulate matter that can penetrate deep into the respiratory system. Temperature inversions, though less frequent than in colder climates, can occasionally occur during the cooler nights of the dry season, trapping pollutants near the ground. The wet season, from May to October, brings relief as rainfall washes away accumulated dust and pollutants, leading to improved air quality. However, biomass burning for land clearing and crop residue disposal during the transition months (May-June and September-October) can generate significant smoke plumes, temporarily degrading air quality. Fog, though infrequent, can also trap pollutants during the cooler mornings of the wet season. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, particularly during periods of high wind and dust. Outdoor activities are generally more favourable during the wet season, although vigilance regarding smoke from agricultural burning remains important. The intensity of the Harmattan wind and the extent of agricultural burning are the primary drivers of seasonal air quality fluctuations in Ndélé.