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Bouar, nestled in the Nana-Mambéré prefecture of the Central African Republic, occupies a geographically significant position within the country’s savanna-forest transition zone. Located at approximately 5.95°N, 15.60°E, the city’s terrain is characterized by gently undulating plains dissected by numerous small rivers and streams, notably the Lobaye River, which influences local hydrology and microclimates. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of dense tropical forests gradually giving way to open grasslands and agricultural fields, creating a distinct urban–rural gradient. Bouar sits at a modest elevation of around 330 meters above sea level, which, while not dramatically high, can still influence atmospheric stability and ventilation patterns. The city’s regional position, relatively isolated within the Central African Republic, means it’s less impacted by large-scale industrial pollution originating from major urban centers elsewhere. However, the prevalence of wood-fired cooking and small-scale agricultural practices within and around Bouar contributes to localized air quality concerns. The proximity of agricultural zones, particularly those employing slash-and-burn techniques, can lead to periods of elevated particulate matter, especially during the dry season. The Lobaye River and its tributaries provide some degree of evaporative cooling, potentially moderating temperatures and influencing local wind patterns, but the overall effect is limited by the surrounding savanna environment. The urban character is that of a small, developing town, with limited heavy industry, primarily focused on local trade and agriculture.

Bouar’s tropical climate dictates a distinct wet and dry season cycle, profoundly impacting air quality. The dry season, typically spanning from November to April, presents the most significant air quality challenges. Reduced rainfall leads to lower atmospheric moisture, increasing the concentration of particulate matter. Agricultural burning, a common practice for land clearing and crop residue disposal, releases substantial amounts of smoke and pollutants into the air, often exacerbated by stagnant air conditions during periods of high pressure. Temperature inversions, where cooler air is trapped beneath warmer air, are more frequent during the dry season, further hindering pollutant dispersion. The months of January and February often experience the poorest air quality due to a combination of agricultural burning and stable atmospheric conditions. Conversely, the wet season (May to October) brings relief as frequent rainfall washes away particulate matter and increased humidity helps to trap pollutants closer to the ground, reducing their concentration in the breathing zone. Stronger winds associated with the monsoon season also aid in dispersing pollutants. During the wet season, outdoor activities are generally safer, although periods of heavy fog can temporarily reduce visibility and trap moisture-related pollutants. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, limiting prolonged outdoor exposure and avoiding areas with visible smoke. Maintaining indoor air quality through proper ventilation is also crucial during this period.