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Benoy, nestled within the Logone Occidental region of Chad, occupies a geographically significant position at the edge of the Sahel, a transitional zone between the Sahara Desert and the savannas of Central Africa. Located at approximately 8.99°N, 16.31°E, the city’s terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the Logone floodplain, with gentle undulations reflecting the historical influence of the Logone River and its tributaries. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of semi-arid grasslands, scattered acacia woodlands, and agricultural fields, primarily dedicated to sorghum, millet, and groundnut cultivation. This agricultural activity, while vital for the local economy, contributes to seasonal dust and particulate matter. Benoy’s elevation is relatively low, around 300 meters above sea level, which can exacerbate air stagnation during periods of calm weather. The Logone River, a major artery flowing from Cameroon, provides a crucial water source and influences local humidity, though its impact on air quality is more related to moisture content than direct pollutant transport. The urban–rural gradient around Benoy is gradual, with small villages and agricultural plots interspersed within a few kilometers of the town center. There are no major industrial belts immediately adjacent to Benoy; however, the potential for increased agricultural mechanization and the use of traditional cooking methods (often relying on wood or charcoal) within the surrounding communities contribute to localized air pollution episodes. The city’s position within the Sahel means it is susceptible to transboundary dust events originating from the Sahara, significantly impacting air quality, particularly during the dry season.

Benoy’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the region’s tropical savanna climate. The wet season, typically spanning from June to September, brings a relative improvement in air quality due to increased rainfall, which naturally washes particulate matter from the atmosphere and increases humidity, suppressing dust lift. However, the wet season also sees a rise in fungal spores and potential for mold growth, impacting respiratory health for sensitive individuals. The dry season, from October to May, presents the most significant air quality challenges. Strong, persistent northerly winds, common during this period, frequently transport vast quantities of Saharan dust across the region, leading to elevated levels of particulate matter. Temperature inversions, where cooler air becomes trapped beneath a layer of warmer air, are also more frequent during the cooler months (December-February), hindering the dispersion of pollutants from local sources like cooking fires and agricultural practices. The months of February and March are particularly concerning, often experiencing prolonged dust storms. During the transition months (May and October), wind patterns are more variable, leading to fluctuating air quality. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor exertion during periods of high dust concentrations. Maintaining indoor air quality through proper ventilation and air filtration is crucial. The use of clean cooking fuels is strongly encouraged to minimize indoor air pollution, which can significantly impact household health, especially during the dry season when reliance on wood and charcoal is highest.