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Bongor, situated in the Mayo-Kebbi-Est state of Chad, occupies a relatively flat terrain within the Sahelian zone, at an elevation of approximately 281 meters. This location is crucial to understanding its air quality challenges. The city lies along the Chari River, though its influence on local air circulation is limited due to the river’s width and prevailing wind patterns. Surrounding Bongor is a landscape dominated by savanna grasslands and scattered acacia trees, transitioning into more arid conditions further north. The urban character of Bongor is typical of a rapidly growing Chadian city – a central market area surrounded by expanding residential zones, with limited formal industrial development concentrated on the city’s periphery. However, informal economic activities, including charcoal production and small-scale workshops, contribute significantly to localised pollution. The urban-rural gradient is sharp; immediately outside the city limits, agricultural land dominates, with seasonal burning of vegetation a common practice. Dust from the surrounding Sahelian environment is a constant factor, exacerbated by the region’s susceptibility to drought and desertification. The city’s position within a broad river valley can sometimes trap pollutants, particularly during periods of calm weather, hindering dispersion. This geographical setting, combined with socio-economic factors, creates a unique air quality profile for Bongor.

Bongor experiences a distinct wet and dry season, heavily influencing its air quality. The dry season, roughly from November to May, is characterised by consistently high levels of particulate matter. Harmattan winds, originating from the Sahara, carry substantial amounts of dust southward, significantly degrading air quality. January and February are typically the worst months for respiratory health due to this dust influx. Temperatures peak in April and May, leading to increased evaporation and potential for localised dust storms. The onset of the wet season in June brings a temporary improvement, as rainfall washes away accumulated dust and suppresses windborne particles. However, increased humidity can also promote the growth of mold and mildew, impacting indoor air quality. July to September sees the highest rainfall, offering the cleanest air, though stagnant conditions can sometimes develop, trapping pollutants near the ground. October marks a transition period, with decreasing rainfall and a gradual return to drier conditions. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during the dry season, particularly in January, February, and April. Wearing masks can offer some protection. Monitoring local weather patterns and avoiding strenuous activity on windy days is also advised.