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Goz-Beida, situated in the Sila region of Chad, occupies a geographically challenging position within the Sahelian zone. Located at coordinates 12.2236, 21.4144, the city rests on relatively flat terrain, typical of the southern Chad Basin, at an elevation of approximately 580 meters. This landscape is characterised by savanna grasslands interspersed with acacia trees, transitioning into more arid conditions further north. The city isn’t proximate to major bodies of water; the nearest significant water source is Lake Chad, some distance to the northwest. Goz-Beida functions as a crucial market centre for the surrounding agricultural lands, primarily focused on cotton, sorghum, and millet production. This agricultural activity, while vital to the local economy, contributes to seasonal particulate matter pollution through land preparation, harvesting, and post-harvest burning. The urban-rural gradient is pronounced, with a relatively dense central area giving way quickly to rural farmland. Dust from the surrounding Sahelian environment is a constant factor, exacerbated by wind erosion, particularly during the dry season. The city’s location within a broad depression can also contribute to temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground. Limited industrial activity exists, but charcoal production for cooking and heating is widespread, adding to localised smoke pollution.

Air quality in Goz-Beida follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the interplay of the Harmattan winds and the wet season. The dry season, roughly from November to May, witnesses the poorest air quality. The Harmattan, a dry and dusty trade wind blowing from the Sahara, carries significant amounts of particulate matter, dramatically increasing dust concentrations. January and February are typically the worst months, with reduced visibility and respiratory irritation common. Temperature inversions, more frequent during cooler nights in the dry season, exacerbate the problem by trapping pollutants. The onset of the wet season, around June, brings a temporary improvement. Rainfall washes away dust and suppresses windblown particles. However, increased humidity can also promote the growth of mould and allergens. August and September, while wetter, can experience localised smoke from agricultural burning as farmers prepare fields for the next planting season. October sees a transition period, with decreasing rainfall and a gradual return of Harmattan conditions. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during the peak dry season months and consider using masks when dust levels are high. Monitoring local conditions and staying indoors during dust storms is crucial.