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Loncoche, nestled within the Araucanía region of Chile, occupies a geographically complex and influential position. Located at approximately -39.3667° latitude and -72.6333° longitude, the city sits at an elevation of roughly 850 meters (2,789 feet) above sea level, contributing to a cooler climate and unique atmospheric conditions. The surrounding landscape is dominated by the Andean foothills, characterized by rolling hills, dense forests of *Nothofagus* (Southern Beech) trees, and interspersed agricultural land. This proximity to extensive forests, while ecologically valuable, can also contribute to particulate matter in the air, particularly during dry periods. Loncoche’s location within the Trancura River basin influences local humidity and microclimates. The urban fabric of Loncoche is relatively compact, exhibiting a clear urban–rural gradient as it expands outwards into the agricultural zones and forested areas. While not directly adjacent to a major industrial belt, the region supports forestry and agricultural activities, including livestock farming and fruit cultivation, which can generate localized air pollution sources. The city’s position within a valley, flanked by the Andes, can exacerbate air quality issues by trapping pollutants, especially during periods of temperature inversion. The prevailing westerly winds, common in this part of Chile, play a crucial role in dispersing or concentrating pollutants, depending on atmospheric stability. Understanding this interplay between topography, land use, and prevailing winds is essential for assessing and mitigating air quality challenges in Loncoche.

Loncoche’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle heavily influenced by its climate and surrounding environment. The austral summer (December-February) typically brings drier conditions and increased temperatures, often leading to periods of atmospheric stability and temperature inversions. These inversions trap pollutants near the ground, potentially increasing particulate matter concentrations from agricultural burning and residential wood heating. While daytime winds can offer some dispersion, evenings and early mornings are often the most concerning times. Autumn (March-May) sees a gradual increase in rainfall, which helps to cleanse the air, but agricultural activities, including harvest and stubble burning, can still contribute to localized pollution events. Winter (June-August) is generally the most challenging period, with colder temperatures, frequent fog, and reduced wind speeds. These conditions promote the accumulation of pollutants, particularly from residential heating using wood and other biomass fuels. Sensitive individuals, such as children and the elderly, should exercise caution during these months, limiting outdoor exposure and avoiding strenuous activity. Spring (September-November) marks a transition period, with increasing temperatures and rainfall gradually improving air quality. While agricultural activities resume, the increased precipitation helps to flush out pollutants. Overall, avoiding prolonged outdoor activity during the colder, calmer months of winter and early spring is advisable, and being mindful of potential agricultural burning during the transition seasons is prudent for maintaining respiratory health.