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Lota, a coastal city in Chile’s Biobío Region, presents a unique geographic context influencing its air quality. Situated at approximately -37.0833 latitude and -73.1667 longitude, the city is nestled between the Pacific Ocean and the Nahuelbuta Range, a spur of the Andes. This terrain creates a funnel effect, potentially trapping pollutants during periods of calm weather. Lota’s elevation is relatively low, averaging around 100 meters above sea level, contributing to limited atmospheric dispersion. Historically, Lota’s development was intrinsically linked to coal mining, with the Lota coal mine being a significant industrial presence for over a century. While mining activity has decreased, its legacy remains in the landscape and potentially in soil and dust composition. The surrounding area features a mix of coastal wetlands, forested hills, and agricultural land, primarily dedicated to small-scale farming. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, with the city centre transitioning quickly to rural landscapes. Proximity to the ocean provides some degree of ventilation, but prevailing winds can also carry pollutants from nearby industrial areas, including those further north in the Concepción metropolitan area. The city’s compact size and coastal location mean that sea breezes and land breezes play a crucial role in local weather patterns and, consequently, air circulation.

Lota’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern, largely dictated by the region’s Mediterranean climate. Winters (June-August) often see poorer air quality due to temperature inversions, a common phenomenon in coastal valleys where a layer of warm air traps cooler, denser air near the surface, concentrating pollutants. Reduced rainfall during these months also limits the natural cleansing effect of precipitation. Spring (September-November) brings improving conditions as temperatures rise and winds become more frequent, dispersing pollutants. However, agricultural burning, though regulated, can contribute to particulate matter spikes. Summers (December-February) are generally the clearest, with strong sea breezes and higher temperatures promoting good ventilation. However, prolonged heatwaves can exacerbate ozone formation. Autumn (March-May) sees a transition period, with increasing humidity and the potential for fog, which can trap pollutants. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should be particularly cautious during winter and periods of agricultural activity. Monitoring wind direction is crucial; onshore winds can bring marine aerosols, while offshore winds may carry pollutants from inland sources. Avoiding strenuous outdoor activity during calm, cold winter days is advisable.