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Coelemu, nestled within the Ñuble Region of Chile, occupies a geographically significant position at approximately -36.4878° latitude and -72.7028° longitude. The city’s terrain is characterized by gently rolling hills and valleys, typical of the Chilean Central Valley, transitioning into the foothills of the Coastal Range to the west. This location places Coelemu within a region historically shaped by fluvial processes, with the Ñuble River, a major waterway, flowing nearby, influencing local microclimates and soil composition. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of agricultural lands – primarily fruit orchards and vineyards – interspersed with patches of native forest, particularly *Nothofagus* species, contributing to the region’s biodiversity. Coelemu’s urban character is that of a developing municipality, exhibiting a gradual urban–rural gradient as one moves outwards from the town center. While the core area displays denser residential and commercial development, the periphery blends seamlessly into the agricultural landscape. The proximity to the Pacific Ocean, roughly 40 kilometers to the west, introduces a maritime influence, moderating temperatures and occasionally bringing coastal fog. The region’s agricultural activity, while vital to the local economy, can contribute to localized air pollution through the use of pesticides and fertilizers, and emissions from agricultural machinery. Furthermore, the valley setting can sometimes trap pollutants, particularly during periods of temperature inversion, impacting air quality within and around Coelemu. The elevation, around 180 meters above sea level, also influences atmospheric mixing and dispersion patterns.

Coelemu’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by Chile’s Mediterranean climate. The warm, dry summers (December to February) often see a build-up of pollutants due to reduced rainfall and increased solar radiation, which promotes photochemical smog formation. Agricultural burning, a common practice for land clearing and crop residue disposal, can exacerbate this issue during these months, releasing particulate matter and volatile organic compounds. Spring (September to November) brings increased wind speeds as the weather system shifts, generally improving air quality by dispersing pollutants. However, pollen levels rise significantly, impacting individuals with respiratory sensitivities. Autumn (March to May) is typically a period of moderate air quality, with cooler temperatures and occasional rainfall helping to cleanse the atmosphere. The most concerning period is often late autumn and early winter (June to August), when temperature inversions are more frequent. These inversions trap cooler air near the ground, preventing the vertical dispersion of pollutants released from agricultural activities and residential heating. Fog, common during these months, further compounds the problem by reducing visibility and trapping particulate matter. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor exertion during periods of stagnant air and fog, particularly in the mornings. During the summer months, prolonged exposure to direct sunlight combined with potential elevated ozone levels warrants caution, encouraging hydration and avoiding strenuous activity during peak hours. Regular monitoring of local weather conditions and public health advisories is recommended throughout the year.