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Nestled along the southern bank of the Yangtze River in eastern China's Anhui province, Ma'anshan occupies a strategic position within the Yangtze River Delta economic zone, approximately 40 kilometers southwest of Nanjing. This prefecture-level city's geography is defined by its riverine setting, with the Yangtze flowing eastward past its urban core, and the surrounding terrain transitioning from the flat alluvial plains of the river valley to the rolling hills of the Dabie Mountains to the northwest. At an elevation ranging from 10 to 50 meters above sea level in its urban areas, Ma'anshan's topography creates a natural basin effect that can trap pollutants, particularly when combined with the humidity from the Yangtze. The city's urban character is deeply industrial, historically centered around iron and steel production—earning it the nickname 'Steel City'—with extensive manufacturing zones concentrated along the riverfront. This industrial belt, part of the broader Nanjing–Ma'anshan economic corridor, is interspersed with agricultural lands in the outskirts, creating a sharp urban–rural gradient. Proximity to the Yangtze facilitates industrial transport but also contributes to moisture-laden air that can exacerbate particulate matter formation. The surrounding landscape, including nearby Lake Caishi and the hills, offers some dispersion pathways, but the city's location in a densely populated and industrialized region means it is frequently downwind of pollution from neighboring urban centers like Nanjing and Wuhu, compounding local emissions from its steel plants, power generation, and vehicular traffic.

In Ma'anshan, air quality follows a distinct seasonal rhythm shaped by the East Asian monsoon and local industrial activity. Winter, particularly from December to February, sees the worst pollution due to coal-fired heating, increased industrial output, and frequent temperature inversions that trap pollutants in the cold, stagnant air near the Yangtze Valley. Sensitive groups, such as those with respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor exposure during these months, especially on calm, foggy days. Spring brings some relief with stronger winds from March to May, dispersing pollutants, though occasional dust storms from northern China can spike particulate levels. This season is generally favorable for outdoor activities, but monitoring weather forecasts for dust events is advised. Summer, from June to August, experiences the cleanest air due to the southeast monsoon, which brings rain that scrubs pollutants from the atmosphere, and higher temperatures that enhance vertical mixing. However, high humidity can lead to ozone formation on hot, sunny days, so midday outdoor exertion should be avoided by vulnerable individuals. Autumn, from September to November, sees a gradual return of pollution as industrial activity ramps up and weather patterns stabilize, with October often marking the onset of smog episodes. To minimize health risks, plan outdoor activities for late spring or summer, use air purifiers indoors during peak winter months, and stay informed through local air quality indexes.