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Fucheng, nestled within Gansu Province in northwestern China, occupies a geographically significant position within the Loess Plateau. Located at approximately 35.37°N, 103.71°E, and with an elevation of around 1,450 meters (4,757 feet) above sea level, the city experiences a continental climate heavily influenced by its plateau setting. The surrounding landscape is dominated by expansive loess hills and plateaus, characteristic of the region, offering limited natural windbreaks and contributing to potential air stagnation. Fucheng’s proximity to the Gobi Desert, though not immediately adjacent, means that dust storms originating from that region can significantly impact air quality, particularly during spring. The urban character is relatively small-scale, reflecting a population of just over 32,000, primarily engaged in agriculture and light industry. The urban–rural gradient is gradual, with agricultural lands – predominantly wheat and corn cultivation – extending outwards from the city limits. While Fucheng isn't situated directly on a major river, it benefits from groundwater resources, supporting irrigation. Industrial activity is limited, primarily focused on processing agricultural products and some small-scale manufacturing, but these activities still contribute to localized pollution. The topography, with its sloping terrain and limited valley formations, can trap pollutants, especially during periods of calm weather. The lack of significant natural barriers exacerbates the impact of regional dust and emissions, making air quality particularly sensitive to meteorological conditions.

Fucheng’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by its continental climate and regional weather systems. Spring (March-May) is typically the most challenging period, coinciding with the arrival of the East Asian dust storms originating from the Gobi Desert. These events introduce significant particulate matter, reducing visibility and impacting respiratory health. The warming temperatures also increase agricultural burning in surrounding areas, further degrading air quality. Summer (June-August) brings monsoon rains, which generally cleanse the atmosphere, leading to improved conditions. However, periods of intense heat can create stagnant air masses, occasionally leading to localized pollution build-up. Autumn (September-November) sees a gradual cooling and a decrease in dust storm frequency, resulting in relatively cleaner air. However, temperature inversions, common during this season, can trap pollutants near the ground, particularly in the mornings. Winter (December-February) is characterized by cold, dry air and frequent temperature inversions, which exacerbate air pollution. Residential heating, often reliant on coal, contributes significantly to particulate matter. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor activity during spring and winter mornings. During dust storm events, staying indoors with windows closed and using air purifiers is recommended. Increased ventilation is advisable during summer months to mitigate any localized pollution. Agricultural practices, particularly during autumn harvest, should be carefully managed to minimize smoke emissions. Public awareness campaigns promoting cleaner heating methods and responsible agricultural practices are crucial for improving overall air quality.