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Hongshui, nestled within Gansu Province in northwestern China, occupies a geographically significant position within the Loess Plateau. Located at approximately 38.42°N, 100.79°E, and an elevation of around 1,550 meters (5,085 feet) above sea level, the city’s terrain is characterized by undulating hills and expansive plains sculpted by centuries of wind and water erosion. The surrounding landscape is dominated by the arid and semi-arid Loess Plateau, a vast expanse of wind-deposited silt, contributing to the region’s susceptibility to dust storms. Hongshui’s proximity to the Gobi Desert, though not immediately adjacent, influences regional wind patterns and the transport of particulate matter. The urban character is that of a small, developing town, primarily serving as a local trade and agricultural hub. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp, with agricultural lands – predominantly wheat and corn cultivation – quickly giving way to the plateau’s characteristic sparse vegetation. While lacking significant bodies of water within the immediate vicinity, the Yellow River lies a considerable distance to the east, impacting regional hydrology and potentially influencing humidity levels. Industrial activity is limited, primarily focused on small-scale processing of agricultural products and some mining operations, though these contribute to localized pollution. The plateau’s topography, combined with the prevailing westerly winds, often traps pollutants, exacerbating air quality challenges, particularly during periods of stagnant atmospheric conditions. The dry climate and limited vegetation cover further reduce the natural capacity for air purification.

Hongshui’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by its continental climate and the influence of the Loess Plateau. Winters (November – February) are typically the most challenging, marked by frequent temperature inversions where cold, dense air becomes trapped near the ground, preventing the vertical dispersion of pollutants. This, coupled with reduced sunlight hours and increased residential heating using coal, leads to periods of significantly reduced air quality. Dust storms, originating from the Gobi Desert and surrounding areas, are also more common during this period, further degrading air quality. Spring (March – May) brings a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and winds increase, though dust storm activity can persist. Summer (June – August) generally sees the best air quality due to increased rainfall, which helps to wash pollutants from the atmosphere, and stronger winds that disperse them. However, occasional periods of stagnant air can still occur. Autumn (September – October) presents a transitional period, with decreasing rainfall and cooler temperatures, potentially leading to a gradual decline in air quality as winter approaches. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during winter months, limiting outdoor exposure and monitoring local conditions. During spring, awareness of dust storm warnings is crucial. While summer offers the most favourable conditions, it’s advisable to remain vigilant for periods of stagnant air. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purification can be beneficial throughout the year.