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Liangyi, nestled within the rugged landscapes of Gansu Province, China, occupies a geographically significant position at approximately 35.2698° N, 106.0930° E. The city’s location within the Loess Plateau dictates a predominantly undulating terrain, characterized by deep-cut valleys and steep slopes. Elevation averages around 1,500 meters (4,921 feet) above sea level, contributing to cooler temperatures and, critically, influencing atmospheric stability. Liangyi sits relatively far from major bodies of water; the nearest substantial river systems are several hundred kilometers distant, limiting the moderating influence of humidity on air quality. The surrounding landscape is dominated by arid and semi-arid scrubland and agricultural fields, primarily cultivating wheat and corn, with localized livestock grazing. This agricultural activity, coupled with potential fertilizer use, can contribute to localized ammonia emissions. Further afield, the region is part of a broader industrial belt focused on mining and processing of mineral resources, a factor that can impact regional air quality. The urban–rural gradient around Liangyi is relatively sharp; the city itself is small, with a population of just over 16,000, transitioning quickly to sparsely populated agricultural areas and then to the expansive, sparsely vegetated Loess Plateau. Topographically, the surrounding valleys can trap pollutants, particularly during periods of low wind, exacerbating local air quality challenges. The plateau's dry climate and limited precipitation further reduce natural cleansing processes, making Liangyi susceptible to dust storms and persistent particulate matter.

Liangyi’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by its climate and regional weather systems. Winters (November – February) are typically the most challenging, characterized by frequent temperature inversions. Cold air settles in the valleys, trapping pollutants released from local industry and agricultural practices, leading to periods of reduced visibility and elevated particulate matter. Dry, cold winds occasionally sweep across the Loess Plateau, carrying dust and sand, further degrading air quality. Spring (March – May) brings a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and wind speeds increase, dispersing pollutants. However, dust storms remain a significant concern during this period, particularly in March and April. Summers (June – August) are generally the most favourable, with increased rainfall and stronger winds helping to cleanse the atmosphere. Monsoon patterns can bring periods of relief, although occasional thunderstorms can temporarily worsen conditions. Autumn (September – October) sees a transition period, with decreasing rainfall and a return of cooler temperatures. As temperatures drop, the potential for temperature inversions increases, leading to a gradual decline in air quality towards the end of the season. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during winter and spring, limiting outdoor activity on days with reduced visibility or reported dust events. Maintaining indoor air quality through filtration and ventilation is also advisable during these periods. The dry climate necessitates increased hydration and respiratory protection during dust storm events.