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Liuliang, nestled in the heart of Gansu province, China, occupies a geographically significant position within the Hexi Corridor, a vital historical trade route connecting eastern and western China. Located at approximately 35.22°N, 105.96°E and an elevation of around 1,450 meters (4,757 feet) above sea level, the town’s terrain is characterized by a semi-arid landscape dominated by loess plateaus and undulating hills. The surrounding landscape is largely rural, comprising agricultural fields and sparse vegetation typical of the Gobi Desert fringes. Liuliang’s proximity to the Qilian Mountains to the south influences local weather patterns, creating a rain shadow effect that contributes to its arid climate. While not directly adjacent to major bodies of water, the nearby Shule River provides a limited source of moisture and influences regional humidity. The town’s urban character is small and relatively undeveloped, reflecting its limited population of just under 20,000. The urban–rural gradient is sharp; Liuliang transitions quickly into agricultural land and then into the broader desert environment. Industrial activity is limited, primarily focused on agricultural processing and small-scale manufacturing, though transportation infrastructure supporting the Hexi Corridor could contribute to localized pollution. The prevailing winds, often originating from the west, carry dust and pollutants from the Gobi Desert, significantly impacting air quality. The topography, with its surrounding mountains and plateaus, can also trap pollutants, exacerbating local air quality challenges, particularly during periods of stagnant air.

Liuliang’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by its climate and regional weather systems. Winters (November – February) are typically the most challenging, characterized by frequent temperature inversions where cold air becomes trapped near the ground, preventing the dispersion of pollutants. This, combined with reduced sunlight hours and increased residential heating using coal, leads to periods of noticeably poorer air quality. Dust storms originating from the Gobi Desert are also more frequent during this period, further degrading conditions. Spring (March – May) brings a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and winds increase, helping to disperse pollutants. However, dust storms can still occur, and agricultural activities, such as fertilizer application, can contribute to localized pollution. Summers (June – August) are generally the most favorable period, with increased rainfall and stronger winds that effectively cleanse the atmosphere. Monsoon patterns bring occasional heavy showers, washing away particulate matter. Autumn (September – October) sees a transition period, with decreasing rainfall and a gradual return of temperature inversions, leading to a slow decline in air quality towards the winter months. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during winter and early spring, limiting outdoor exposure during periods of visibly reduced air quality. During the dust storm season, wearing a high-quality mask is recommended. Increased ventilation and air purification can also help mitigate indoor air pollution.